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Dealing with Threats > Clin Path: Hemolytic Anemia > Flashcards

Clin Path: Hemolytic Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of anemia should you particularly look at a blood smear?

A

hemolytic anemia

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2
Q

What is the number 1 cause of hemolytic anemia?

A

immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

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3
Q

Autoimmune immune mediated hemolytic anemia can be either _______ or _________

A

primary (nonassociative or idiopathic)
secondary (associative)

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4
Q

In secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemia what are the antibodies forming against?

A

infection
neoplasms
drugs

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5
Q

What are common signalments for primary IMHA although it can occur in any species or breed

A

dogs»>cats
young to middle aged
predisposed breeds

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6
Q

Upon obtaining a history and performing a physical exam, what would you see in a typical case of an animal with IMHA

A

-megaly such as lymphoadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
v,d
polyuria and polydipsia
fever

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7
Q

On a blood smear if you see ghost cells, spherocytes, and RBC agglutination what would be your diagnosis?

A

IMHA

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8
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

cells without central pallor

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9
Q

Describe the difference between agglutination and rouleaux

A

agglutination is the clumping of cells in the monolayer when they are supposed to be spread out. Rouleaux is the lining up of cells due to increased plasma proteins from electrostatic charges of globulin (+) and RBC (-)

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10
Q

If you found rouleaux in a dog what would you think? What about a horse?

A

Incidental finding in horses whereas if seen in dogs it would be a sign of inflammation and therefore point to IMHA

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of infectious hemolytic anemia?

A

Direct RBC lysis
expose hidden antigens

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12
Q

Is infectious hemolytic anemia associative or nonassociative?

A

associative

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13
Q

What is the signalment for infectious hemolytic anemia?

A

cat, cattle&raquo_space;» dog, horse

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14
Q

What are the differences in history and PE of IMHA vs infectious hemolytic anemia?

A

similar
-megaly
v/d
polyuria, polydipsia
fever

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15
Q

In cats, what bacteria will you see in the case of infectious hemolytic anemia? What about in cattle?

A

mycoplasma in cats and anaplasma in cattle

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16
Q

What is a howel jolly body?

A

histological change seen on blood smear - pieces of nuclear DNA from RBC

17
Q

What are the different types of protozoa seen in blood smears of infectious hemolytic anemia and the species it is seen in?

A

cytauxzoon in cat
Babesia in dog
Theileria in cattle

18
Q

How would you histologically describe protozoa?

A

Loop/hairpin structure

19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of oxidative hemolytic anemia?

A

toxin ingestion, drug admin leading to oxidative RBC injury

20
Q

What species is oxidative hemolytic anemia seen in and what toxins cause it?

A

dogs - onions, garlic, zinc
cats- acetaminophen (Tylenol)
horses - maple leaves
sheep - copper

21
Q

Upon history and PE what would you find in a patient with oxidative hemolytic anemia?

A

toxin/drug exposure
hemolytic anemia
chocolate brown blood

22
Q

In oxidative hemolytic anemia, what is injured?

A

iron of hemoglobin
globin of hemoglobin
RBC membrane

23
Q

What clinical findings are associated with oxidative hemolytic anemia?

A

methemoglobinemia
Heinz bodies
Eccentrocytes

24
Q

What two clinical findings are pathognomic for oxidative hemolytic anemia?

A

Heinz bodies
eccentrocytes

25
Q

What is methemoglobinemia and is it reversible?

A

Iron heme group of hemoglobin is oxidized (electron removed)
–> Fe3+
It is reversible

26
Q

Are Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes reversible?

A

negative

27
Q

In what species would finding a small amount (<10%) of Heinz bodies be accidental?

A

Cats

28
Q

If you find Ghost cells, Heinz bodies, recticulocytes, and anemia what would your diagnosis be?

A

Oxidative hemolytic anemia

29
Q

What are eccentrocytes?

A

membranes stick together

30
Q

What are inciting conditions that would cause fragmentation hemolysis?

A

iron deficiency
hemangiosarcoma
thrombus
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
heart valve disease

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of fragmentation hemolysis?

A

fragile RBCs
microangiopathy (dx in small blood vessels) –> turbulence causes fragmentation

32
Q

What are three types of fragmentation caused by hemolysis?

A

acanthocytes, keratocytes, schistocytes

Dealing with Threats (27 decks)

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