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Viral infections of the genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where do viruses often spread to the genital tract haematogenously or ascendingly from?

A

upper respiratory tract

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2
Q

Broadly, how may viruses cause reproductive failure? 4

A

Viral replication in foetal tissues leading to malformation or death.

Damage to placental BVs —> interrupted blood supply to foetus

Stress and pyrexia due to viral infection

Combination of above

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3
Q

What does EHV-1 cause? 4

A

Abortions (last 3rd pregnancy), accompanies or shortly follows foetal death

respiratory disease - lung oedema

paralysis

Multifocal necrosis - liver, lungs, spleen

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4
Q

What does EHV-3 cause? 2

A

genital pustules (exanthema, more externally visible) but not abortion, hyperplastic lymphoid nodules, usually a transient virus

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5
Q

What does EHV-4 cause?

A

respiratory disease, very rarely isolated abortions

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6
Q

What are the 2 main viruses affecting horse genital tracts?

A

EHV

EAV = Equine Arteritis Virus - NOTIFIABLE - last case 2012

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7
Q

How to diagnose EHV-1 abortion.

A

PME - foetus and placenta

PCR or virus isolation

Microscopic examination of tissue sections - EHV-1 immunostaining

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8
Q

What is a sign of interpartum death?

A

meconium around the anus

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9
Q

How can EHV be prevented?

A

Isolate pregnant mares in last trimester

Vaccinate all horses on premises - combination vaccines (EHV-1 and 4)

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10
Q

How can EHV be controlled?

A

Isolate mare in case of abortion

Collect foetus and placenta - Ag test

Paired serum samples (mare) - test for rising Ab titre but difficult in cases of vaccination and/or recrudescence due to stress of abortion)

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11
Q

How does EAV enter the horse? 2

A

respiratory tract or semen

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12
Q

What does EAV infect? 2

A

macrophages and endothelial cells and causes arteritis

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13
Q

How do you diagnose EAV? 4

A

CLINICAL SIGNS - variable, fever, depression, conjunctivitis/pink eye, abortion, BUT may be subclinical
PME - foetus and placenta for PCR
PAIRED SERUM - mare, virus neutralising Ab titres
TRAVEL HISTORY?

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14
Q

How are stallions affected by EAV?

A

persistently infected, shed virus in semen without clinical signs.
The virus persists in the accessory glands. Does not persisit in the mare.

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15
Q

When is EAV notifiable?

A

If clinical signs are observed in a stallion or evidence for EAV infection is present by semen or blood testing.

Clinical signs or laboratory results indicate EVA in a mare mated or AI’d within past 14 days.

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16
Q

How can EAV be controlled? 3

A

PME - foetus or semen - virus isolation or PCR

Movement restrictions

Stallion vaccination (confirm Ab negative prior to doing this)

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17
Q

What is the equivalent of BVDV in sheep?

A

Border disease virus/ Hairy shaker lambs

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18
Q

How is BVDV shed? 3

A

respiratory secretions, (faeces, semen)

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19
Q

Where does BVDV replicate?

A

respiratory and enteric tract

haematogenous spread to foeuts via placenta

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20
Q

Outline the different phases of BVDV infection

A

FIRST TRIMESTER (0-110): no foetal immunocompetenece, embryonic/foetal death –> resportion, abortion, mummification, PI calf/Hairy shaker lamb

SECOND TRIMESTER (111-190): abortions mummification, PIs usually only until day 140, congenital deformities (especially days 125-175) - e.g. cerebellar hypoplasia

THIRD TRIMESTER (after day 191): occsasional abortions/stillbirths/ weak calves, predominantly ‘normal’ calves

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21
Q

How can BVD be diagnosed? 4

A

PME - foetus, PCR of lymphoid tissue

Histopathology + immunohistochemistry (esp brain tissue)

Foetal serology - free foetal fluids, indicates exposure

Maternal serology - difficult to interpret sometimes.

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22
Q

How can BVDV be prevented/controlled?

A

Vaccinate dams before pregnancy

Identify and removed PI animals (Ag test + second Ag test or Ab test)

Various EU coutries have eradication programs

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23
Q

What can BHV-1 cause? 2

A

IBR

IPV or IBP

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24
Q

How can BHV be spread? 3

A

venereal, contact or aerosol

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25
Q

Outline the features of IPV/IBP infections

A 
similar appearance to equine coital exanthema (ECE)
painful genital lesions
swelling
frequent urination
tend to be self-limiting
26
Q

What happens in BHV-1 abortions?

A 
Follows respiratory infections mostly
May occur weeks after infection of dam
Usually 4-8 months gestation
Necrosis in foetal liver and lung
Frequently extensive autolysis (calf)
As a cause of abortion, this is uncommon in the UK but more common in the US.
27
Q

How can BHV-1 be diagnosed? 2

A

Immunofluorescence/immuno-peroxidase on foetal tissues (e.g. FAT liver tissue)

Serology - difficult to intrepret (recrudescence - cause or consequence of abortion?)

28
Q

How can BHV-1 be prevented/controlled

A

Isolate and test new stock

Vaccination - reduces duration and severity of clinical disease but doesn’t prevent infection.

Eradication programs - various EU countries

29
Q

What type of virus is SBV?

A

orthobunyavirus

Arbovirus (Culicoides spp)

30
Q

Clinical signs - SBV - 3

A 
arthrogryposis
Hydrancephaly
cerebellar/cerebral hypoplasia
Scoliosis
Brachygnathis
31
Q

How can SBV be diagnosed?

A

PCR (brain tissue)
Histopathology
Foetal serology
Maternal serology

32
Q

Define PRRS

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

33
Q

What viruses can affect pig reproductive tracts? Which is the most important? 5

A 
PRRS (most important)
Porcine parvovirus
Influenza
Porcine circovirus
Swine Herpesvirus - 1
34
Q

How is a pig infected with PRRS?

A

Respiratory tract: aerosol

Genital tract: infected semen

35
Q

What clinical signs can PRRS cause?

A

Respiratory disease, oedema, subclinical
‘Blue ear diesease’
Immunosuppression (like BVDV)
Late abortions/mummifications/premature piglets (arteritis of umbilical vessels in foetus)

36
Q

How can PRRS abortions be diagnosed?

A

PCR - lymphoid tissue

37
Q

How can PRRS be prevented/controlled?

A

SPR, all in all out, quarantine new stock
Separate pregnant sows from rest of herd
Avoid transfer of fomites
Screen semen for AI (PCR)
Vaccination - reduces clinical signs, inactivated

DIFFICULT: because PRRS rapidly mutates.

38
Q

What syndrome does porcine parvovirus cause?

A

SMEDI = stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility

Early embryonic death ( resorption, infertility
Later stage infection –> foetal death and mummification
Late stage infection –> stillbirths
If infected >70 days, foetal death less frequent due to immune response.

Abortion uncommon

39
Q

How does porcine parvovirus spread?

A

faecal oral

transplacental - foetus has rapidly dividing cells

40
Q

How can porcine parvovirus be diagnosed? 3

A

PCR - liver, (heart), if CRL is t always work, viable virus and fresh tissue needed.

41
Q

How can porcine parvovirus be prevented/controlled?

A

vaccination

42
Q

What is swine influenza?

A 
typa A influenza virus (H1N1, H3N2)
Predominately respiratory signs
Pyrexia >41 degrees
Abortions in sows
Transplacental infections rare
43
Q

How is swine influenza diagnosed?

A

PCR/(virus isolation) - acutely infected animals

Paired serology

44
Q

What have porcine circovirus 2 (pCV2) been associated with? 8

A

abortions, mummifications, stillbirths but not confirmed in UK
Weak piglets, congenital tremor - not confirmed in UK
PMWS
PDNS
PCV-2 associated disease

45
Q

What does PMWS stand for?

A

post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

46
Q

What does PDNS stand for?

A

porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

47
Q

How can pCV-2 be diagnosed?

A

Histopathology (heart), IHC - not PCR

48
Q

How can pCV2 be managed?

A

SPF
all-in-all-out
optimised management conditions
vaccination

49
Q

What is another word for Aujeszky’s disease?

A

pseudorabies

50
Q

Outline the features of Aukesky’s disease /pseudorabies in pigs.

A 
Herpesviridae (family)
NOTIFIABLE
Enters via respiratory tract
CNS signs and high mortality in piglets
In pregnant sows: haematogenous spread to foetus --> abortions/stillbirth
Eradicated from UK
Mass mortality
Dogs are really susceptible to this disease
51
Q

What are the features of Classical Swine Fever?

A

Pestivirus in family Flaviviridae
NOTIFIABLE (last outbreak 2000)
High mortality
Diarrhoea
Haemorrhages - skin and other organs (kidney)
Abortion, mummification, stillbirths, congenital tremors

52
Q

What are the features of AFRICAN swine fever?

A

Family = Asfarviridae
NOTIFIABLE
So far never occurred in UK
Clinical signs very similar to classical swine fever including reproductive failure

53
Q

What viruses can affect the reproductive tract of DOGS?

A

Canine herpesvirus (CHV)

54
Q

What viruses can cause reproductive failure in cats? 2

A 
Feline leukaemia virus
Feline parvovirus (feline panleukopaenia virus)
55
Q

What is th e’fading puppy syndrome’?

A

Describes puppies with CHV. They are infected during birth or shortly after and develop systemic herpesvirus infection. Puppies seem healthy, then squeal, then die. Immature immune system but particularly poor regulation of body temperature allows infection to establish.

Organ necrosis + death. Haemorrhages (kidney).

Dx = gross and histopathological findings (intranuclear inclusion bodies)

Vaccine now available for pregnant bitches

56
Q

Outline FLV

A

Can cross placenta and lead to reproductive failure (resorption of foetuses or abortion).

Dx = Ag test (queen) or immunofluorescence/PCR on aborted foetuses

Prevention = vaccination

57
Q

How does feline parvovirus/ feline panleukopaenia virus affect the reprodutive tract?

A

Can lead to reproductive failure (esp early) or cerebellar hypoplasia (esp later)

Prevention = vaccination

58
Q

How can viruses be detected (generally)? 2

A

Samples - foetal organs, whole foetus, placenta

Virus isolation, PCR or Ag detection

59
Q

What are the problems associated with virus diagnosis?

A

If samples aren’t fresh:
viruses lose infectivity
nucleic acids and proteins degrade

60
Q

How can antibodies against viruses be detected?

A

In foetal fluids (only useful once foetus is immunocompetent)
Serology - dam, shows rising Ab titres

61
Q

What are the problems associated with detecting antibodies against virus infections?

A

Possible delay between:
infection of dam and foetus
infection of foetus and reproductive failure being apparent (seroconversion

Reproduction (42 decks)

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