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Reproduction > Pathology of the male genital tract > Flashcards

Pathology of the male genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are changes in the scrotum associated wiht?

A

dermatitiis eslewhere in body

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2
Q

Which neoplasias may affect the scrotum and tunica vaginalis? 4

A 
Varicose haemangioma (dog and boar)
MCT (dog)
Haemangiosarcoma (dog)
Papilloma (boar)
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3
Q

What is varicose haemangioma? Species/breeds?

A

benign proliferation of blood vessels. Affects dogs (Scottish and Airedale terriers) and boar

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4
Q

What might you see with a spermatic granuloma?

A

a foreign body type response or immunologic response.

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5
Q

What are most cases of intersexuality in animals?

A

male pseudohermaphrodites - external female genitalia with testes occupying the normal ovary positon

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6
Q

What is true hermaphroditism?

A

rare. animals have one testis and one ovary or a combined ovotestis

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7
Q

Outline the features of cryptorchidism

A

usually unilateral
size is species dependent
testis retained anywhere (kidney to inguinal canal)
polygenetic basis, also hormonaland environmental
tend to be hypoplastic (small and fibrotic)
intersititial collagen deposition –> thermal suppression of spermatogenesis
Retained testes at increased risk of tumours

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8
Q

Features of testicular hypoplasia - species, age, location, gross, microscopy

A

SPECIES - all
AGE - congenital or pre-puberty but often not observed until after puberty
LOCATION - unilateral or bilateral
GROSS - small but normal consistency
MICROSCOPY - grading possible, incomplete or absent spermatogenesis with hypoplastic and normal tubules often intermingled

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

A

Tesicular atrophy/degeneration

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10
Q

Features of testicular atrophy/degeneration - causes, location, gross, microscopic

A

CAUSES - increased scrotal temperature, decreased testicular blood supply, vit A or Zn deficiency, drug reactions, radiation damage, obstruction and hyperoestrogenism
LOCATION - unilateral (local) or bilateral (systemic)
GROSS - reduced size, firm (subacute, chronic)
MICROSCOPY - similar to hypoplasia (grading possible, incomplete or absent spermatogenesis with hypoplastic and normal tubules often intermingled) AND ALSO fibrosis granuloma formation (reaction to degenerating spermatozoa) and multinucleate spermatids

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11
Q

Causes of orchitis (testicular inflammation) 3

A

HAEMATOGENOUS - B.abortus is cattle, purulent orchitis resulting in progressive fibrosis
TRAUMA - mainly in dogs due to bites and accompanied by periorchitis and epipidymitis
REFLUX ORCHITIS - extension of inflammation from epididymis, prostate, bladder or urethra. Mixed infections can include coliforms

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12
Q

Result of orchitis

A

Sterility if severe

Spermatic granuloma formation (often)

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13
Q

Is orchitis or epididymitis more common in dogs and rams?

A

epididymitis > orchitis

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14
Q

Features of epididymitis - cause, gross, microscopy

A

CAUSE - ascending infection from the accessory sex glands and urogenital tract. Mostly mixed infection involving coliforms, staphylococci and streptococci.
GROSS - initial enlargement, later abscess or granuloma formation in tail region
MIRCOSCOPIC - some testicular atrophy and degeneration because of heat.

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15
Q

What are some specific causes of ram infectious epididymitis?

A

HAEMATOGENOUSLY - B.ovis (notifiable)
ASCENDING - Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni, E. coli

Swelling an dspermatic granuloma formation especially in the tail of the epididymis

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16
Q

Which Brucella species causes abortion in sheep?

A

Brucella meletensis

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17
Q

Which species is most affected by testicular neoplasia (large testis)

A

most important in dogs (less horses)

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18
Q

What are the 3 main types of testicular neoplasia?

A

interstitial cell tumour (leydig cell tumour)
sertoli cell tumour
germ cell tumours (seminoma and teratoma)

Mixed tumours share features of more than one type above and may account for 25 % of all cases

Mostly benign, if metastatic, likely to be local only

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19
Q

Features - Leydig cell tumour - predilection, gross, microscopy, malignancy and secretions?

A

ANIMALS - dogs over 8 years (common)
GROSS - single or multiple (1-2cm) spherical well-demarcated, tan-orange greasy or haemorrhagic masses which bulge on cut surface, enlargement NOT usually present
MICROSCOPY - polyhedral cells packed in small groups by fine fibrous stroma
MALIGNANCY - mostly benign
SECRETIONS - some may secrete hormones and cause aggression

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20
Q

Features - Sertoli cell tumour - predilection, gross, microscopy, malignancy and secretions (and effects of this)?

A

ANIMALS - dogs over 6 years old (3rd commonest testicular tumour), up to 50% occur in cryptorchid testese
GROSS - unilateral, firm lobulated discrete mass, enlargement of testes, cut surface appears white to brown, often fibrous and may contain cysts
MICROSCOPY - sertoli cells multilayered within tubules or invading interstitial tissue, abundant fibrus tissue
MALIGNANCY - metastasis in 10% of cases to scrotal LN mostly
SECRETION - around 25% secrete oestrogen and cause feminisation of affected dog (hyperoestrogenism). Some produce oestrogen mainly inhibin. Leads to female fat distribution, attractive to other male dogs, mammary swelling (especially caudally), pendulous sheath, symmetrical alopecia and skin thinning, atrophy of other testis, squamous metaplasia of prostate gland (predisposes infection), behavioural chagnes (lack of libido, lethary, aggression), anaemia due to BM depression (myelotoxicity)

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21
Q

Features - seminoma (a germ cell tumour)- predilection, gross, microscopy, malignancy and secretions (and effects of this)?

A

ANIMALS - dogs over 7 years old, can occur in retained testis
GROSS - usually unilateral and single (may cause swelling and pain), soft cream mass that looks like lymphoid tissue, bulges on cut section
MICROSCOPY - sheets of polyhedral cells with a large nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm, mitoses are common in some tumours
MALIGNANCY - local invasiveness but metastasis rare, most are benign, minority (6-8%) spread to local LNs or internal organs

22
Q

Define seminoma

A

germ cell tumour of testis or more rarely the mediastinum or other extra-gonadal locations

23
Q

Define teratoma

A

tumour of all 3 embryo layers (endo-, meso- and ectoderm) - i.e. contain cells of more than one histogenic cell type

24
Q

Features - TERATOMA (a germ cell tumour)- predilection, gross, microscopy and malignancy?

A

ANIMALS - predominantly horses (up to 25% cryptorchids), usually young animals
GROSS - quite large, admixture of solid and cystic areas
MIRCROSCOPY - mixture of skin, bone, teeth, glands, muscle and cartilage, most contain nervous tissue and fat
MALIGNANCY - most are benign.

25
Q

Define funiculitis

A

Inflammation of the spermatic cord

26
Q

Features of funiculitis

A

PRESENTATION - following open castration, common in pigs, generally acute and necrotising, in horses it is known as a SCIRRHOUS CORD after open castration (exuberant GT in affected cord, often with weeping fistulation to exterior, caused by staph. and strep.)

27
Q

Define vesicular adenitis

A

inflammation of the seminal vesicles

28
Q

Outline the types of pathology that can be seen in the accessory sex glands

A

Vesicular adenitis and bulbourethral inflammation (bulls and rams)
Chronic intersitial inflammation
Metaplasia (common)

29
Q

What type of pathology of the prostate can you get? 4

A

Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Prostatitis
Neoplasia

30
Q

Features of prostate gland hyperplasia - animals, effects, gross, microscopic?

A

ANIMALS - older entire dogs (2-10 years, usually by 6 years of age)
EFFECTS - constipation and less commonly urinary stasis
GROSS - enlarged gland (sometimes multinodular or cystic) by up to 4 times
MICROSCOPY - hyperplasia and paillary proliferation of the glandular tissue.

N.b. castration causes atrophy (hormone dependent)

31
Q

Features of prostate gland METAPLASIA - animals and microscopic change?

A

ANIMALS - dogs with sertoli cell tumours and predisposes to inflammation. Cattle/sheep associated with oestrogenic implants and ingestion of phytoestrogens (red clover).
MICROSCOPIC - change of glandular epithelium to squamous type

32
Q

Define metaplasia

A

where a normal differentiated cell type is replaced by another mature differentiated cell type, reversible

33
Q

Features of PROSTATITIS - animals, cause, gross and prognosis?

A

ANIMALS - not uncommon in dogs, older dogs it is often concurrent with hyperplasia
CAUSE - often ascending infection, usually colirfomrs, strep and staph invade the prostatic urethra
GROSS - asymmetrical enlargement, may contain abscesses
PROGNOSIS - untreated cases may develop peritonitis or septicaemia toxaemia

N.b. chronic cases may be subclinical

34
Q

Features of PROSTATIC NEOPLASIA - animals, microscopy, malignancy and clinical signs?

A

ANIMALS - carcinoma in dogs (10 years onwards), may occur within a hyperplastic gland, grossly the gland is asymmetrically enlarged
MICROSCOPY - multiple layers of haphazardly arranged glandular cells invading the interstitium of the gland and often provoking marked fibrosis
MALIGNANCY - high rate of local recurrence or metastasis so prognosis very guarded
CLINICAL SIGNS - often cachexia and locomotor abnormalities

35
Q

Why is pathology of the penis and prepuce important?

A

important for venereally transmitted diseases as these are often present in the prepuce without associated disease.

36
Q

Examples of venereally transmitted diseases - 4

A

TRITRICHOMONAS FOETUS
CAMPYLOBACTER FOETUS SPP VENEREALIS
HERPESVIRUS
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES

37
Q

How do you diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus? What are the effects of this infection?

A

via sheath washings and culture/microscopic exam.

EFFECTS = infertility, early embryonic death, abortion and metritis, pyometra in female cow

38
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter foetus spp venerealis? Effects of this infection

A

sheath washing and FAT/culture.

EFFECTS = infertility/early embryonic death/abortion in female cows

39
Q

What are the effects of Campylobacter foetus ssp foetus infection?

A

also causes infections but is not venereally transmitted

40
Q

What can cause pathology of the penis and prepuce? 4

A

Tritrichomonas foetus
Campylobacter foetus ssp venerealis
Herpesvirus
Papillomavirus

41
Q

How can pathology of the penis and prepuce be classified?

A

Non-inflammatory disease versus inflammatory disease

42
Q

List some non-inflammatory diseases of the penis and prepuce. 5

A

Hypoplasia (early castration and intersex states)
Directions deviations in the various spp (e.g. persistent frenula in bulls and boars)
Hypospadia/epispadia (abnormal opening of urethra)
Haematomas
Paraphimosis (inability to retract penis into prepuce - trauma, inflammation, neoplasia, some drugs)

43
Q

List some inflammatory diseases of the penis and prepuce - 4

A

BALANITIS (glans penis inflammation)
POSTHITIS (prepuce inflammation)
BALANOPOSTHITIS (inflammation of glans penis and prepuce concurrently)
Herpesvirus (BHV-1 in cattle, EHV-3 in equines, CHV in dogs)

44
Q

Define hypospadia

A

urethral opening in on ventral surface of penis

45
Q

Define epispadia

A

penile urethra opens on dorsal surface of penis

46
Q

Which bacteria can infect the penis and prepuce of sheep and what is this called?

Predisposition?

Gross appearance?

A

Sheep - ulcerative posthitis (‘Pizzle rot’) in wethers caused by Corynebacterium renale. Secondary infection is a common complication.
PREDISPOSITION - hypoplasia (penis or prepuce), urinary soiling, high planes of nutrition
GROSS - yellow discoloration (necrosis) and ulceration on the anterodorsal aspect of the prepuce). If severe, that portion of prepuce may slough.

47
Q

What parasites can infect the penis and prepuce?

A 
CUTANEOUS HABRONEMIASIS ('Summer sores') in horses - exuberant granulation following the deposition of larvae in this region
DOURINE (TRYPANOSOMIASIS) - notifiable, UK exotic.
48
Q 
What is an important neoplasia of the penis and prepuce in horses?
Gross appearance?
Biopsy findings?
Malignancy?
Prognosis?
What causes the problems?
A

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
occurs equally commonly in geldings and stallions
associated with novel papillomavirus
GROSS - cauliflower like, variable size, glans penis mainly
BIOPSY - malignant squamous epitheloum forming keratin
MALIGNANCY - usually low-grade, minority metastasize to regional LNs
PROGNOSIS - recurs if incompletely removed
PROBLEMS - relate to ulceration and secondary infection

49
Q

What is fibropapilloma of the penis?
Cause?
Prognosis?
Complications?

A

Occurs in glans penis of 1-2 year old bulls
CAUSE - BPV-1
PROGNOSIS - benign but may be large or multiple
COMPLICATIONS - secondary infection or penile obstruction

50
Q 
What is transmissible venereal tumour (TVT)?
Location?
Origin?
Appearance?
What does biopsy show?
Malignancy?
Treatment?
A

Rare in UK dogs
LOCATION - caudal penis mainly, also at skin at site of wounds
ORIGIN - histiocytic with 59 instead of 78 chromosomes
APPEARANCE - variable size, cauliflower-like, prone to ulceration and secondary infection
BIOPSY - sheet of cells resembling lymphoblasts
MALIGNANCY - metastasis rare and regression often occurs (except unhealthy dogs)
TREATMENT - vincristine responsive

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