Pregnancy diagnosis in large animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do you need to manage non-pregnant animals? 2

A

to get them pregnant

to cull them

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2
Q

Why do you need to detect pregnancy? 2

A

stage of pregnancy - drying off and parturition time predictions
number of foetuses - feeding

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3
Q

What are methods for PD? 3

A
  • Non-return to oestrous in polyoestrous spp
  • Hormone measurement and other substances
  • Detection of gravid uterus - manual palpation, ultrasound, radiography
  • Identification of changes in gross and microscopic structure of genital system related to pregnancy
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4
Q

When is bIFNtau produced by bovine embryo?

A

From day 13 -> prevents luteolysis of CL

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5
Q

When does embryo loss occur in cows?

A

Before 21 days - 22%
21-42 days - loss 6%
42 days + = 5%

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6
Q

What time frame is a non-return to oestrous defined as?

A

18-24 days after service

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7
Q

When can you start accurately PDing with B-mode real time radiography?

A

from 30 days (because this is when the foetus moves away from uterine wall and is more free/visible in lumen)

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8
Q

When is P4 present in pregnant cow’s plasma and milk?

A

21-24 days

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9
Q

What are the 2 best ways of PDing cow rectally after 30 days?

A
  • Membrane slip (Chorioallantois, from 33 days)

- Horn size disparity - unilateral cornual enlargement with fluctuation, thin uterine wall from d35

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10
Q

Other than membrane slip and horn size disparity how else can you PD a cow rectally? 5

A
  • Presence of placentomes - from 80 days
  • Palpation of foetus - 45-60 days (risk of miscarriage)
  • Fremitus (hypertrophy of middle uterine artery from d 85 in broad ligament)
  • Palpation of foetus (120 days)
  • Oestrone sulphate - in milk/plasma, from d105, better at d120
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11
Q

What care needs to be taken when doing a P4 analysis for PD?

When should you do it?

A

Low P4 = not pregnant
High P4 = pregnancy or other possibilities (i.e. false positive)

Therefore it is a non-pregnancy test.

Do at d18-24 post oestrous/service

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12
Q

What is used as a preservative for the milk P4 assay?

A

Potassium dichromate tablet

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13
Q

What sample should you use for a P4 test?

A

Milk > plasma (milk has a higher concentration)

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14
Q

What are reasons for false positive PD milk P4 results? 7

A
Luteinised cysts
CL persistence
Error - ID/labelling
Shorter than normal oestrous cycle
Incorrect AI timing
Inadequate sample mixing
Embryo mortality
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15
Q

What type of head is used on a transrectal ultrasound probe? Why?

A
  1. 5 MHz and later 5 MHz

i. e. low penetration - uterus is right below the rectal wall

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16
Q

What should you remember to do when scanning the ovary/uterys?

A

Scan from one side to other to get proper cross sections

17
Q

What are reasons for horn size disparity? 5

A
Pregnancy
BUT BEWARE FALSE POSITIVE:
incomplete involution
fluid in horns
      - pyometria
      - mucometria
      - hydrometria
18
Q

Where is oestrone sulphate produced?

A

By feto-placental unit
Conjugated to sulphate in foetal liver

Take blood sample (from d120 usually, possibly d105)

19
Q

What time period defines non-return to oestrous in ewes?

A

16-19 days after service

20
Q

When can you do a sheep P4 assay?

A

15-18 days after service

21
Q

When can you do transabdominal B mode ultrasonography on sheep?

A

as early as 30 days

foetal numbers: day 45-50

22
Q

What are other ways of PDing in sheep?

A
  • Dopper ultrasound transabdominally from 50 days
  • vaginal biopsy
  • palpation of caudal uterine artery (from 60 days)
  • radiography
23
Q

What are methods for detecting pregnancy in goats? 5 Best methods? (* 2)

A
  • Failure to return to oestrous (21d after service)
  • Milk or plasma P4 at 21 d (false positives in pseudopregnancies)
  • * Oestrone sulphate - plasma/milk - from 50 days**
  • Transabdominal B mode ultrasonography from 30 days*
  • abdominal palpation (60-70 days; unreliable)
24
Q

What are methods for detecting pregnancy in the sow? 9 Which is the best?

A
  • Non-return to oestrous (18-22d after service; stands fimr when pressure applied to pelvis from above)
  • Plasma P4 assay (16-24 d after service)
  • Transrectal B mode ultrasonography (12 days)
  • Oestrone sulphate - plasma (24-28 days)
  • Vaginal biopsy (18-22 days)
  • Rectal palpation (30 days)
  • Transabdominal B mode ultrasonography (24 days)
  • A-mode transabdominal ultrasonography (30 days)
  • Transrectal doppler ultrasonography (25 days)