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Reproduction > Dystocia - large animals > Flashcards

Dystocia - large animals Flashcards

1
Q

Define eutocia

A

normal parturition

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2
Q

Define prodrome in this context

A

the pre-parturient phase of paturition

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3
Q

What happens in stage 1 of parturition

A

Everything before foetal (stage 2) and placental expulsion (stage 3):
positioning of foetus
cervical dilation
exposure of foetal membranes through vulva with possible rupture

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4
Q

How long may stages 1, 2 and 3 last in the cow?

A 
1 = 6 hours
2 = 0.5-4 hours (older versus younger cows)
3 = 6 hours
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5
Q

How long may stages 1, 2 and 3 last in the mare?

A 
1 = 1-4 hours
2 = 0.1-0.5hours (older versus younger cows)
3 = 1-2 hours
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6
Q

How does the water bag/allantochorion help parturition?

A

loosens birth canal

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7
Q

How common is dystocia in the different species?

A 
MARE: 1-2% ponies, 10% draught breeds
COW : 3-4% dairy, higher for beef
EWE: 2-3%
DOE: 1-2%
SOW: <1% in feral, high in brachycephalics
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8
Q

What are the 3 main causes of dystocia?

A

Maternal - expulsion and birth canal
Foetal - size and disposition
Foeto-maternal disproportion

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9
Q

Define achondroplasia

A

where the bones don’t grow to the normal size based on breed expectations.
Mutation in FGF-R gene.
Selectively encouraged in some breeds (Daschund, Welsh Corgi and Skye terrier)

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10
Q

Name 2 problems of maternal expulsion

A

Uterine inertia - primary, secondary

Straining - defective, inadequate

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11
Q

Name 2 problems of the birth canal

A

Failure of relaxation or uterine torsion

Inadequate pelvic diamter

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12
Q

What history is important for dystocia cases?

A 
Full term/overdue/premature?
Primi or multigravida?
Problems during pregnanct?
When did straining begin?
Water bag? Foetal fluids? Foetus?
What has been done so far?
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13
Q

What should you examine for in the general dam check?

A

Status? (e.g. acidotic)
Exhausted
Milk fever?
Ill?

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14
Q

How does dystocia affect endometritis risk?

A

increases it 5 times

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15
Q

How is the dam usually positioned for parturition?

A

Standing - cow, mare, ewe

Lying - sow

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16
Q

What should you check in the specific examination?

A

VULVA/ VAGINA/ CERVIX: dilation, injury, lubrication

FOETUS: presentation, posture, position, number/structure alive/dead, size in relation to dam

17
Q

What do you do in dystocia cases with a dead calf?

A

Foetotomy

18
Q

How can you give anaesthesia?

A 
None
Epidural
Paravertebral
Inverted L
Line block
General
19
Q

How much traction force does a person, calving jack, pulley and tractor have?

A

Person - 75kg
Calving jack - 400kg
Pulleys - 450kg
Tractor - 3000kg +

20
Q

When should one/two people apply traction?

A

Carpal joint 10cm outside cow with 2 persons pulling - it should fit

Double-muscled calf - one person pulling

Coordinate pulling and staining

Once head is born, rotate calf 90 degrees and change pulling direction dorsally

21
Q

What should you do in caudal presentations?

A

Manually dilate vulva/vagina
Check umbilical cord
Hock joint 10cm outside cow with 2 persons pulling - should fit, then deliver ASAP
Pull dorsally

22
Q

What are the 3 aspects of foetal disposition?

A

Presentation
Position
Posture

23
Q

Define presentation

A

Relationship between longitudinal axis of foetus and dam and the portion of the foetus entering the birth canal (longitudinal/normal anterior, longitudinal posterior, transverse)

24
Q

Define position

A

Relationship between the dorsal surface of the foetus (vertebral column) and the surface of the maternal birth canal (dorsal/normal, ventral or lateral)

25
Q

Define posture

A

The disposition of the movable appendages of the foetus (limb flexions, neck flexions, head displacements)

26
Q

List reasons for incorrect disposition - 5

A 
weak uterine contractions
delayed development of foetal reflexes
weak foetal movements
competition for uterine space/oversized calf
joint ankylosis
27
Q

Outline dystocia aftercare

A

DAM - main concern - trauma, ABs, oxytocin (exogenous or endogenous), NSAIDs

NEONATE - dip navel, colostrum supply

28
Q

What happens in stage 2 of parturition?

A

Uterine contractions intensify
Abdominal pressing by dam
Expulsion of foetus

29
Q

What is another name for stage 3 of parturition?

A

the ‘cleaning’ stage

Reproduction (42 decks)

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