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Reproduction > Female genital pathology > Flashcards

Female genital pathology Flashcards

1
Q

When do infections readily enter female genital tract?

A

oestrous and parturition

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2
Q

Where does ovarian cancer commonly implant?

A

Upon peritoneum

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3
Q

What are most repro tract inflammatory diseases from?

A

Asceding infections

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4
Q

How can pathogens enter the ReproT? 4

A

ASCENDING - commonest, at oestrous, post-partum, pregnancy (equine)
HAEMATOGENOUS - specific infections
DESCENDING FROM OVARY - rare, som eviral, chlamydial, ureaplasma infections
TRANSNEURAL - rare, herpes recrudescence

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5
Q

How do female hormones affect immunity?

A

OESTROUS: better drainage through open cervix
OESTROGEN: better disease resistance - ruminants upregulate BCs and TCs
PROGESTATIONAL/LUTEAL: uterus more susceptible to infection

Inflammation with epithelial and mucosal surface loss in the uterus results in decreased PGF2a production –> no CL lysis

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6
Q

How can sex be defined? 4

A

Genetic/chromosomal (xx/xy)
Gonadal (testis.ovary)
(ductal)
Phenotypic

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7
Q

List some examples of tract anomalies

A

segmental aplaisa (white shorthorn cattle)
pesistent hymen
duplication

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8
Q

Outline developmental cysts

A

Congenital
Peri- or intraovarian
Don’t confuse with functional cysts

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9
Q

List some acquired ovarian lesiosn

A

CYSTS:
follicular
anovulatory luteinised (luteal cysts)
cystic CL

HAEMORRHAGES

ADHESIONS

INFLAMMATION: oophooritis, rare, often ascending or systemic bacterial

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10
Q

What is a follicular cyst/ cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicle?

  • feature/what?
  • cause
  • signs
A

FEATURE: Failure of mature follicle to ovulate (COD)
>2.5cm cow, >1 cm sow
Persistence for >10d without functional CL

CAUSE: Anovulation without luetinisation due to abnormality in HPAO axis
Lack of LH peak due to low GnRH or its Receptors
stress/infection (cortisol)

SIGNS: Anoestrous (esp sows) or nymphomania (cows)

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11
Q

How does a luteal cyst form?

A

anovulation with luteinisation of theca (likely delayed or insufficient LH peak)

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12
Q

Treatment of luteal cysts?

A

PGF2a

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13
Q

What can cystic corpora lutea be confused with?

A

luteal cysts (because large and firm)

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14
Q

List the types of ovarian neoplasm - 4

A

GERM CELL NEOPLASM (rare): dysgerminoma, teratoma
GONADAL STROMAL NEOPLASM: granulosa cell tumour, thecoma, luteoma
EPITHELIAL NEOPLASM: cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma
SECONDARY TUMOURS: lymphoma, mammary carcinoma (bitch), intestinal carcinoma (4)

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15
Q

What is a dysgerminoma?
origin
appearance
aggressive

A

ORIGIN: from primitive germ cells (male analogue = seminoma)

APPEARANCE: smooth surface, commonly haemorrhagic/necrotic areas, frequent mitotic figures and germ cells

AGGRESSIVE: mostly benign and undifferentiated

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16
Q

What is a teratoma?
ORIGIN
APPEARANCE
AGGRESSION

A

ORIGIN: totipotential germ cells with elements of 2-3 germinal layers (commonly including skin)

APPEARANCE: mostly well-differentiated

AGGRESSION: benign

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17
Q

Granulosa-theca cell tumour:
PRODUCT
APPEARANCE
AGGRESSION

A

PRODUCE: steroids (some)

APPEARANCE: smooth surface with solid or cystic cut surface

AGGRESSION: usually benign

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18
Q

Epithelial neoplasms:
APPEARANCE
SPREAD
CONSEQUENCE

A

APPEARANCE: often bilateral and shaggy/cauliflower-like surface, especially in bitches

SPREAD: by implantation on peritoneal surfaces (= contact metastases, all ovarian neoplasms)

CONSEQUENCE: ascites (sometimes)

19
Q

What can happen to the uterine tubes? 3

Which species?

A

HYDROSALPINX (congenital or acquired)
PYOSALPINX
SALPINGITIS

Species: gilts in first pregnancy, otherwise rare

20
Q

What can happen to the uterus?

A

PHYSICAL CHANGES:
Torsion
Rupture
Prolapse

21
Q

What can uterine prolapse be associated with? 3

A 
hypocalcaemia
oestrogen excess (plants)
prolonged dystocia
22
Q

List 3 examples of endometrial growth disturbance

A

Hyperplasia/CEM (i.e. due to excessive and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation, endogenous/exogenous)
Mucometra/hydrometra
Pseudopregnancy

23
Q

What is the pathological definition/difference between metritis and endometritis

A

the days after pregnancy that it occurs

24
Q

What is endometritis?

A

Uterine mucosa only

WHEN: Post-service, post-partum (dystocia)

RESULT: inflammatory infiltrate to mucosa, self-limiting if mild, severe –> chronic/fibrous

CAUSE: persistent CL (mare) and cow in chronic endometritis.

25
Q

What are common pathogens causing endometritis in COWS? 4

A

PREGNANCY:
Herpes
Tritrichomonas foetus
Campylobacter foetus ssp venerealis

Others (environmental) - pyogenic cocci and coliforms, T.pyogenes

26
Q

What are common pathogens to cause endometritis in mares? 5

A 
alpha-haemolytic streptococci
Klebsiella pneumoniae
E.coli
Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
27
Q

Appearance of metritis

A

commonly dull congested serosa with ‘paintbrush’ haemorrhages, thickened oedematous friable uterine wall, yellowish-dark red exudate with foul odour, rarely ruptures

28
Q

What are causes of pyometra in bitches (queen)?

A

older nulliparous
Infection supervening upon CEH
usually a few weeks after oestrous under P4 exposure following oestrogen priming
bacterial infection (endometrium)
UTI
Pathogens: E.coli (brownish viscous exudate), Strep sp (creamy yellowish exudate)
Cervix: open/closed

29
Q

What is the result of pyometra if untreated?

A

toxaemia/bacteraemia common, widespread extra-medullary haematopoiesis and immuno-complex glomerulopathy leading to kidney failure

30
Q 
Pyometra - cows
WHY
WHEN
SIGNS
COMMON PATHOGENS
A

WHY: uterine disease predisposes pyometra, persisting CL and high P4 levels

WHEN: mostly early post-partum (following endometritis/metritis), various times after breeding (venereal)

SIGNS: functional cervical closure, usually some discharge (few ml to several L, thick, mucinous, cream or grey pus), rarely systemic signs

PATHOGENS: haemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, coliforms, Trueperellla pyogenes, Pseudomonas sp, also Tritrichomonas foetus (venereal)

31
Q

What is the usual isolate from pyometra in the sow?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

32
Q

Pyometra - mares
WHEN
COMMON PATHOGENS

A

WHEN: after dystocia with infections (some)

WHAT: cycling continues, sometimes prolonged, hormonal influences less important, mostly no cervical closure (commonly cervical deformity) –> discharge, seldom evidence of systemic disease

PATHOGENS: Streptococcus zooepidemicus, E.coli, Actinomyces spp, Pasteurella spp, Pseudomonas spp.

33
Q

What neoplasms can affect the uterus? 3

A

LEIOMYOMA
CARCINOMA
LYMPHOSARCOMA

34
Q

Outline uterine leiomyoma

A

mostly bitch and benign
often multiple - also affecting cervix/vagina
oestrogens likely involved in provoking and maintaining in bitch
usually firm, pink, white, whorled SMCs

35
Q

Outline uterine carcinomas

A

mainly cow (found at meat inspection - consider enzootic bovine leukosis, EBL which is notifiable)

mainly uterine horns

scirrhous response (firbous), firm

metastases to regional LNs, lungs, peritoneum (seeding)

36
Q

Outline uterine lymphosarcoma

A

EDL in cow is notifiable

TETRAD of affected organs (heart, abomasum, LNs, uterus)

Light yellow, slightly friable

37
Q

T/F: all neoplasias in adult cows are notifiable except haemangiosarcoma and papilloma.

A

True

38
Q

How can the vulva and vagina be affected? 3

A

NON-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
NEOPLASMS

39
Q

List some non-inflammatory diseases of the vulva/vagina

A 
Persistent hymen
Vaginal septum
Ruptures
Stricture/stenosis
Abnormal tumefaction (swelling and increased size)
Vaginal hyperplasia/hypertrophy/prolapse
Vaginal cysts
Vaginal polyps (older bitches)
40
Q

What are some inflammatory diseases of the vulva/vagina?

A

Post-partum trauma
granular vaginitis/vulvitis
Herpes –> IPV/BHV-1, CHV-1, EHV-3/coital exanthema
Dourine - notifiable

41
Q

Which neoplasms can affect the vulva/vagina?

A

Leiomyoma (like uterus)
TVT
Fibropapilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva

42
Q

Why are TVTs unusual?

A

59 chromosomes instead of normal 78 in dogs

43
Q 
Outline TVT:
Transmission
Location
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
A

TRANSMISSION: transfer of neoplastic cells during coitus

LOCATION: nodule formation beneath vaginal mucosa that enlarges

HISTOPATHOLOGY: large, round neoplastic cells with occasional large bizarre nuclei

TREATMENT: vincristine -responsive

PROGNOSIS: metastases in dogs with poor health

Reproduction (42 decks)

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