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Reproduction > PRACTICAL: pregnancy and abortion > Flashcards

PRACTICAL: pregnancy and abortion Flashcards

1
Q

2 viral causes of abortion in horses

A

EHV1 and EAV

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2
Q

Where does EHV persist?

A

CNS and lymphoreticular cells –> latent infection. When reactivated, shed via respiratory tract

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3
Q

Where does EAV persist?

A

accessory glands and shed via semen

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4
Q

Name 2 viruses that may cause pig abortion

A

PRRS

Swine flu

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5
Q

How do you test for PRRS?

A

Foetal tissue sample (spleen = best) –> PCR
ELISA (paired serum sample, sow)) - only shows exposure

[Virus isolation - less efficient, more expensive
Foetal serum on free foetal fluids - not as diagnostic]

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6
Q

How do you test for swine flu?

A

deep nasal swab (if showing acute signs) + RT-PCR
OR
Paired serum samples of sows, HIT

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7
Q

What should be your main differential diagnosis for feline abortion? Diagnostic test for this?

A

FeLV
Immunofluorescenc (or PCR) on tissues from aborted foetuses
Snap/Ag test on adult cat serum sample

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8
Q

Main cause of canine abortion?

A

CHV-1

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9
Q

How to prevent CHV-1-induced abortion?

A

Keep animals warm (virus replicates faster in colder environments)
Vaccinated bitch

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10
Q

What may cause bovine infectious vulvovaginitis?

A

BHV-1 (also causes IBR)

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11
Q

Name 4 viral causes of abortion in cattle

A

BVDV
BHV-1
Schmallenberg
BTV

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12
Q

What is the most frequent most of transmission for BVDV?

A

Faecal-oral>respiratory. Also vertical

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13
Q

What is the most frequent most of transmission for BHV-1?

A

Respiratory

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14
Q

What is the most frequent most of transmission for SBV and BTV?

A

Arboviruses - Culicoides

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15
Q

What clinical signs do sows show if they have cystic follicles?

A

Anoestrous (nymphomania usually cows/horses)

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Endometrium has entered a secretory phase following prolonged exposure to P4 after E2 priming. Secretory endometrium appears nodular and thickened in this advanced case, cystic changes may also be present.

17
Q

Clinical signs - canine pyometra

A

PU/PD, decreased appetite/anorexia, vomiting, +/- vaginal discharge
WHEN? 3-6 weeks after oestrous (metoestrous/P4 phase)

18
Q

Which ovary do chickens have?

A

Left (Right remains vestigial sometimes)

19
Q

What does epipididymitis look like?

A

Enlarged epididymis,

firm and nodular due to large amounts of fibrous tissue, inflammatory cells and spermatic granuloma

20
Q

Causes of epididymitis in rams - 3

A

Brucella ovia
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus somni

21
Q

Describe mummification

A

foetal death followed by foetal tissue and fluid reasbsorption. No secondary bacterial infection. Possible cause in pigs is porcine parvovirus

22
Q

Signs of toxoplasma

A

‘Strawberry pip lesions’ on placenta

White foci of necrosis and mineralisation in bright red cotyledons

23
Q

Appearance of an EAE placenta

A

much thickened in the intercotyledonary area, covered by some exudate

24
Q

Diagnosis - EAE

A

impression smear of placental intercotyledonary tissue stained with mZN (Koster stain) which illustrates presence of pathogens

25
Q

Diagnosis - Toxoplasma gondii

A

Foetal serology on free foetal fluids (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)

26
Q

How would you identify Salmonella infection?

A

Stomach culture –> gram stain –> pink
MacConkey: gram - grow, yellow = NLF (e.g. Salmonella)
O2 and AnO2 media: grows in both
Selenite broth: selects for Salmonella (E.coli grows too but less well).
XLD media with phenol red - xylose fermentation –> yellow media colour change (e.g. Salmonella). Colonies that can convert thiosulphate to hydrogen sulphate turn black (e.g. Salmonella, n.b. Proetus spp can also do this)

27
Q

How can you confirm Salmonella infection?

A 
Biochemical tests (API 20E)
Serological identification of Salmonella antigens (O and H)
28
Q

How can you culture Chlamydophila abortus?

A

Not possible in artificial medium
No routine culture
Tissue culture only

Reproduction (42 decks)

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