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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Vessels-Sum 6 > Flashcards

Vessels-Sum 6 Flashcards

1
Q

blood vascular system

components

A
  1. arterial vessels AWAY
    aorta > arteries > aterioles
  2. microcirulation (2 way fluid exchange w/ tissues and capillaries)
    metarterioles > capillaries > tissue > postcapillary venules
  3. venous vessels TOWARDS
    venules > veins > SVC/IVC
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2
Q

common structure

A

3 layers/tunics:
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

inner layer closest to lumen
sublayers:
endothelium- lines vessels, direct contact w/ bloodstream
subendotherlial CT- anchors endothelium to rest of vessel

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4
Q

tunica media

A

middle muscular layer

smooth muscle and elastic CT for vessel to change lumen diameter for restriction or accomodate volume

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5
Q

tunica externa/adventitia

more detailed

A

CT layer of most coll I + some coll III + elastic fibers + fibroblasts + white fat cells

has blood vessels and nerves that supply the major vessel
-vasa vasorum for vessels
-nervi vasorum for nerves, mostly sympathetic

merges with loose CT

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6
Q

tunica externa/adventitia

general

A

outer layer
connects/anchors vessels to surrounding tissues
protective pathway for smaller vessels and nerves that supply vessel wall

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7
Q

tunica media

more detailed

A

smooth muscles in concentric layers
-lumen diameter changes when contract or relax

vary elastic lamellae and elastic fibers

has external elastic lamina (EEL)

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8
Q

external elastic lamina

A

laminating outside of tunica media

thicker sheet of elastin w/ holes for nervi and vasa vasorum to contact media

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9
Q

tunica intima

more detailed

A

sublayers:
endothelium (simple squamous + BM)
subendothelium (mostly loose CT + fibroblasts + smooth muscle cells) rarely thick
internal elastic lamina (laminated outside of intima w/ thicker sheet of elastin w/ holes to aid diffusion)

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10
Q

endothelium organization

A

almond shaped instead of egg simple squamous aka endothellium lines lumen in all blood vessels

parallel w/ direction of blood flow to reduce shear stress as blood flows over

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11
Q

endothelium functions

A

maintain structural integrity w
-junctional complexes
-hemidesmosomes
-focal adhesions

coordinate cell activity
-gap junctions

regulate inflammation
-CAMs bind WBC (WBC can unlock junctions)

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12
Q

WBC access

A
  1. macrophage release cytokines in response to injury
  2. endothelial cells extend CAMs
  3. circulating neutrophils bind CAMs
  4. neutrophil express integrins
  5. integrins bind receptors and unlock junctions
  6. neutrophils enter underlying CT b/t endothelial cells
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13
Q

other endothelium functions

A
  1. reg vessel formation via angiogenesis
  2. modulate smooth muscle activity for vessel diameter and resistance
    -myoendothelial junction
    -chemicals for vasoconstriction (endothelins)
    -chemicals for vasodilation (NO, prostacyclin)
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14
Q

myoendothelial junctions

A

physical connections b/t endothelial cells (intima) and smooth muscle cells (media) of lots of gap junctions

goal: reduce shear stress via dilation

hyperpolarize and transfer polarization to smooth muscle in media = dec vascular tone

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15
Q

thrombus formation

A

thrombus: clot that forms in vessel and stays there

removed by:
anticoagulants (prevent fibrinogen convert)
antithrombogenic substances (platelet aggregation)
thrombolytic substances (break down clots)

enhanced by:
prothombogenic substances (von willebrand factor) if injury/tear

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16
Q

weibel-palade bodies

A

store von willebrand factor for promoting platelet adhesions

low VWF = bleeding problems bc clots take longer to form or are incorrect

most common hereditary blood clotting disorder

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17
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest arteries aka aorta and main branches

transport large vol of blood away from heart and stretch to accomodate vol change

sublayers: subendothelium, tunica media, tunica externa

media is dominated by elastic lamellae

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18
Q

elastic lamellae aging

A

number of lamellae in media inc from birth to adult (in aorta)

thickening of intima by coll I = moderate intimal fibrosis

minor fragmentation of media as elastin protein breaks down

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19
Q

muscular arteries

A

control distribution of blood to major body regions

sublayers:
subendothelium w/ prominent IEL
media w/ prominent EEL and smooth muscle
externa: thick vs. elastic arteries

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20
Q

small arteries

A

smaller distribution to smaller body regions

resemble muscular arteries structurally

sublayers:
subendothelium w/ IEL but no other CT
media w/ no elastic lamellae, 3-10 layers smooth muscle
externa w/ no vasa or nervi vasorum so thin

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21
Q

arterioles

A

main resistance vessels in circulation
very vasoactive so constantly dilating/constricting

greatly influence vol of flow to local area

little IEL in subendo
1-2 complete layers of smooth muscle, no EEL or elastic lamellae in media
externa functionally absent, no vasorum

donut shaped

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22
Q

vasoconstriction

A

via sympathetic fibers that discharge norepinephrine

dilation w/ parasympathetics that release NO

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23
Q

endothelium function as barrier

A

maintain selective permeability barrier w/
-junctional complexes

exchange gas/nutrients across endothelium via transcellular pathway
-pinocytotic vesicles, receptor mediated endocytosis, active transport, diffusin

surface receptors for histamine, LDL, insulin

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24
Q

endothellium inflammatory function

A

regulate inflammatory and immune cell traffic
via CAMs that bind WBC

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25
Q

microvasculature

A

capillaries + vessels that directly interact

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26
Q

metarterioles

A

regulate blood flow into capillaries

serve as bypass route when they shut off blood to a cap bed

27
Q

postcapillary venules

A

receive blood from capillary beds

primary site of WBC migration into tissues

28
Q

metarterioles characteristics

A

highly vasoactive like arterioles

tunica media is discontinuous of SM

use precapillary sphincters to constrict entrance (coordination of sphincters forms bypass to postcap venules)

29
Q

capillary characteristics

A

passive diffusion and active transport across endothelium

lumen only accommodates 1 RBC

no media or externa, only intima (endothelium)

30
Q

pericytes

A

starfish shaped from mesenchymal cells

low level stem cells (>fibroblast, smooth muscle, endothelial)

surround capillaries and help modulate flow thru

cytoplasmic processes wrap around caps
-form gap junctions w/ endothelial cells

31
Q

types of blood capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

32
Q

continuous

A

@CNS, llungs, skeletal muscle, CT

prevent leaks bc no fenestrations and strong junctional complexes

necessary for BBB and blood-gas barrier

most common

33
Q

continuous

appearance

A

marginal folds along edges for WBC’s

numerous pinocytotic vesicles for transport across endothelium

visible pericytes

34
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

@intestines, endocrine glands, kidney (except glomeruli)

permanent windows thru cytoplasm for fluid transfer w/o endocytosis aka faster

have molecular diaphragms to temporarily seal off fenestrations w/ neg ionic charge

not as many pinocytotic vesicles than continuous

35
Q

sinusoidal

A

@red marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, suprarenal gland cortex aka places of rapid fluid exchange

largest type of capillary

large fenestrations and large gaps b/t adj cells so RBC and WBC exit

36
Q

postcapillary venules

A

aka pericytic venule bc have pericytes

receive blood from cap beds w/ some exchange of metabolites w/ tissue

primary site of WBC migration into tissues w/ marginal folds

37
Q

venules

A

blood from caps and postcaps
drain into small veins

paired w/ arterioles

media has 1-2 layers isolated SM cells
externa= thin CT layer around entire circumference

muscular venules

38
Q

small veins

A

blood from venules
drain to medium veins

accompany small arteries

valves to prevent backflow

media= 1 SM cell layer discont or continuous
externa = thing layer of CT w/ more elastic

39
Q

varicose veins

A

weakened or incompetent valves allow backflow

valves stays partially open so blood settles in leaflets, pools, bulges

40
Q

medium veins

A

blood from small > large veins

accompany medium muscular arteries

large lumen, thin walls, valves

media = 2-3 continous layers, visible EEL
externa= thickest layer, elastic and collagen, vasa/nervi vasorum

jugular

41
Q

large veins

A

blood from medium > larger veins or R atrium of heart

accompany elastic arteries

large lumen, thin walls, no valves

intima= thick
media= 3+ layers, will transition from smooth>cardiac
externa= thickest layer, SM in longitudinal bundles, vasa/nervi

IVC, portal veins, common iliac

42
Q

atypical vessels

A

coronary arteries
great saphenous vein

43
Q

coronary arteries

structure

A

first 2 branches off aorta so higher pressure and volume

intima: thick, inc w/ age
media: many more layers smooth
externa: looser coll. I and elastic than muscular

should be muscular

44
Q

great saphenous vein

A

drainage for lower limb

media: perpendicular smooth layers + inner layer of longitudinal so some peristalsis ability

used as coronary bypass graft bc thick walls and similar size

45
Q

lymph system characteristics

A

no central pump
1 way interaction so collects fluid but not return

driven by skeletal muscle contraction

46
Q

pathway of lymph

A

tissue > lymphatic capillary > lymphatic vessels > thoracic duct or R lymphatic duct > venous vessels

filtered in nodes to remove particulates, bacteria, foreign materials

returned to venous blood via internal jugular, subclavian, brachiocephalic veins

47
Q

no lymph vessels

A

orbit, inner ear, epidermis, cartilage, bone, CNS

48
Q

ways to move out of capillaries

A
  1. pinocytosis (large moles)
  2. junctions, fenestrations (by BP)
  3. diffusion - from concentration gradients
  4. diffusion across cells - lipid sol only

BP and concentration gradient main driving forces

49
Q

opposing forces

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure (blood vs inside cap walls)
  2. oncotic pressure- form of osmosis (from higher protein con in plasma vs interstitial)
  3. interstitial fluid pressure (interstitial fluid vs outside lymph cap walls)
50
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

blind ended so fluid only flow one direction

remove protein rich interstitial fluid > larger lymphatic vessels

no true tunics so only thin endothelium
-no smooth muscle cells, pericytes, valves

have endothelial folds/flaps to prevent backflow

anchoring fibrillin filaments tether to elastic fibers in ECM

51
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

conduits that carry lymph from caps to nodes/thoracic ducts

tight junctions, continuous BM so no leaks, elastic fibers surround endothelium

some smooth muscle cells > collagen and elastic around entire vessel

not true tunics

52
Q

lymphatic ducts

A

do have tunics and valves

intima: fibroelastic CT, band of elastic fibers where IEL is
media: longitudinal and circumferential layer of SM
externa: longitudinal SM but not consistent layer, vasa vasorum, collagen

smooth muscle

53
Q

vasculogenesis

A

de novo formation

mainly in embryos, sometimes in adults after injury

embryonic stem cells (angioblasts or hemangioblasts) > endothelial capillary tubes> primitive vascular network

54
Q

angiogenesis

A

new blood vessels branch off and extend from pre-existing
thru development

differentiated endothelial cell migrate from existing > where new vessels needed

55
Q

vascular remodeling

A

reshaping vessel walls in response to environmental

56
Q

angiogenesis process

A

1.destabilization from parent induced by angiopoieten
2.parent vasodilates and more permeable
3.existing endothelial cells detach from adj cells and BM by disrupting cell junctions and degrade underlying BM
4.migration to angiogenic stimulus
5.tube of endothelium forms
6.tube stabilized by syn of BM and recruit cells for tunica media and externa (pericytes and SM cells)

57
Q

angiogenesis w/o migration

A

endothelial progenitor cells recruited from red marrow

EPC are adult stem cells-mobilize in response to dramatic tissue alterations aka complete loss of endothelial cells, vascular implants, ischemic organs/wounds/tumors

EPC similar to embryonic hemangioblasts

58
Q

capillaries

A

in a capillary bed

gatekeepers to tissues

2 way fluid exchange b/t blood and tissues

59
Q

lymph vascular system

A

collects xs interstitial fluid and returns it to blood

extracellular fluid @tissues = interstitial fluid >enters lymph system = lymph

60
Q

normal pressures/opposing forces

A

hydrostatic and oncotic = balanced so little net movement out of blood vessels

lymphatic vessels remove most of remaining fluid

vol of tissue fluid inc = interstitial fluid P drives fluid into lymph capillaries

61
Q

edema

A

when capacity for lymphatic drainage exceeded

hydrostatic = too high
oncotic = too low
lymph capillaries = damaged or blocked

62
Q

BP and vascular remodeling

A

inc BP or rate of flow = inc vascular wall stress V/V

@arterial vessels

change amount of SM in media

large artery > outward hypertrophy
small artery > inward hypertrophy
arterioles > rarefaction (death) OR inward hypertrophy OR inward remodeling (whole thing smaller)

inc BP = hypertension

63
Q

rate of flow and remodeling

A

wall thickness stays the same when flow inc bc not adding pressure

rate inc > inc lumen diameter (larger surface area so less irritation)
rate dec> dec lumen diameter

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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