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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

CBC

complete blood count

A

most commonly ordered test
counts/measures blood cells

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2
Q

CBC

info

A

raw counts RBC and WBC
immature RBC and WBC
relative WBC counts
average volume, ratio, concentration

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3
Q

BMP

A

measures serum contents aka
electrolytes/metabolites
liver proteins/enzymes/metabolites

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4
Q

whole blood

components

A

formed elements (cells/platelets) + fluid ECM (plasma)

55% plasma + 44% erythrocytes + 1% buffy coat

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5
Q

hematocrit

A

RBC vol / total blood vol

varies by age and sex
highest in newborns
a part of erythrocyte content of whole blood

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6
Q

buffy coat

A

WBC + platelets
less than 1%

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7
Q

plasma

composition

A

yellowish fluid formed elements are suspended/ organic compounds and electrolytes suspended or dissolve

mostly water (92%) + protein (7%)

yellow from bilirubin

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8
Q

plasma

function

A

transport-cells, nutrients, wastes, proteins, etc
homeostasis- osmotic and pH balance
hemostasis- prevent blood loss during injury

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9
Q

hemostasis

definiton

A

prevent blood loss during injury while keeping circulating blood fluid

process leading to coagulation/clotting

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10
Q

serum

A

plasma - fibrinogen

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11
Q

fibrinogen

A

fiber component of blood ECM
converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting/when blood removed from body

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12
Q

fibrin clots

A

necessary to stop blood loss and promote wound healing

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13
Q

clotting

balance

A

fibrinogen > fibrin by thrombin
fibrin forms 3D branching net to trap RBCs and platelets
too much clotting = thrombosis

breakdown of fibrin via fibrinolysis

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14
Q

flow cytometry

A

automated cell typing and counting via cytometer

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15
Q

peripheral blood smear

A

older version to count
still used for shapes (morphology) and parasites

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16
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process that stem cells and precursors give rise to formed elements
bc fairly short life spans, need to be replaced

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17
Q

erythrocytes

function

A

gas transfer and transport across lung and tissue capillaries
function reflected by morphology

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

mature RBC

shape

A

bioconvave disk bc better SA:vol ratio and more flexible

has central pallor (pale thin center in LM)

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19
Q

RBC membrane

A

reduced cytoskeleton (no microtubules or IFs)
unique filament = spectrin (actin too)
TMPs: Band 3 and glycophorins

spectrin + actin form grid under membrane for ICAMs and TMPs

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20
Q

Band 3

A

most abundant
transports HCO3- (bicarb) across membrane, mediates exchange of Cl- and HCO3-

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21
Q

glycophorins

A

have ABO and Rh antigens

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22
Q

RBC variation

malformed

A

problem w/ spectrin-actin grid OR ICAMs

compromise structural integrity

removed by splenic macrophages

23
Q

why RBC lack organelles

A

eject thru development
maximize space for HgB
no mitochondria or nucleus

24
Q

RBC

viral correlate

A

viruses cannot replicate inside mature RBC bc no nucleus so no protein synthesis or cell divison

25
Q

MCV

A

how much HgB each RBC can hold aka capacity for hemoglobin

26
Q

MCH

A

actual measure of HgB in RBC

27
Q

polycythemia

clinical correlate

A

inc RBC mass in circulating blood = blood too viscous so inc risk thrombosis

CBC: high hematocrit or RBC count

28
Q

anemias

A

HgB in blood insufficient to meet oxygen needs
symptoms of low oxygen: fatigue, SOB, weakness, dizzy/lightheaded/pale skin

is a SYMPTOM NOT DIAGNOSIS bc many things can cause

29
Q

anemia

causes

A

low HgB=
blood loss, small RBCs, too few RBCs, low iron, abnormally shaped RBC

30
Q

abnormally shaped RBCs

causes

A

problems in:
RBC development, HgB molecule or synthesis, splenic macrophages not remove from circulation

abnormal shape = dec MCV = less HgB

result in anemia

31
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature RBC’s /last stage before maturity
have more organelles than mature (still no nucleus)
not biconcave disk

32
Q

immature RBC

clinical revelance

A

high numbers on CBC = inc or severe demand for new RBC
supply of available mature insufficient to meet demands so inc immature to help

33
Q

leukocytes types

WBC

A

granulocytes- large secondary granules, mature, grainy LM
agranulocytes- no large secondary granules, immature, not grainy LM

34
Q

granulocytes

subtypes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

35
Q

agranulocytes

subtypes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

36
Q

cytoplasmic granules types

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

37
Q

primary granules

A

in all 5 WBC
modified lysosomes
too small to see indiv but collectively = lavender/light blue color

azurophilic

38
Q

secondary granules

A

only in granulocytes
secretory vesicles

specific

39
Q

tertiary granules

A

in neutrophils only

40
Q

esoinophils

A

attack protozoans and helminth parasites

degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes (inc # in tissues @inflammation or infection site)

recruited to lower airways in viral infections

type of granulocyte

41
Q

eosinophils

appearance

A

bilobate nucleus w/ thin heterochromatin connecting
primary granules (destroy parasties, hydrolyze antigen-antibody complex)
secondary granules (parasite cytotoxins, have crytalloid bodies/stripes in TEM)

secondary granules intensely acidophilic/eosinohphilic

42
Q

basophils

A

initiate type I hypersensitivity rxns
mediate subsequent inflammatory response
rarest WBC

degranulate if exposed to antigens/allergens = release histamine and heparin

same function as mast cells

43
Q

basophil

appearance

A

2-3 lobes in nucleus in S shape
1 granules: proteolytic enzymes digest ECM
2 granules: histmine, heparin, intensely basophilic

also metachromatic
no stripes on secondary in TEM

44
Q

neutrophils

A

most common WBC, first responders
active phagocytes of bacteria and fungi
secrete anti-microbial substance into ECM

45
Q

neutrophils

appearance

A

multilobate 3-5
1 granules: bacteriocidal enzymes, antimicrobial pepties
2 granules: antimicrobial peptides, proteolytic enzymes
3 granules: proteolytic enzyes

primary and secondary small and look very similar

Barr body
stains basophilic and acidophilic cytoplasm

46
Q

band cells

A

immature neutrophils released from bone marrow when dire need
present in circulating blood low #

C shaped nuclues

47
Q

lymphocytes

agranulocyte

A

main cell of lymphatic system
attack viruses
only primary granules w/ few small lysosomes

in circ blood: still immature, immunocompetent

second most common WBC

48
Q

lymphocytes

appearance

A

large oval nucleus w/ thin lavendar cytoplasm around non grainy
no lobes
granules not visible in LM

49
Q

monocytes

A

macrophage precursor and other phagocytic cells
only in blood to travel (bone marrow > CT)
1 granules: normal lysosomal enzymes

50
Q

monocytes

appearance

A

B/C/kidney shaped aka large indent
lavendar cytoplasm
not grainy
granules not visible in LM
pseudopods often present

51
Q

thrombocytes

platelets

A

clotthing and tissue repair
from megakaryocytes (mainly in bone marrow not normally circulate) platelets cleave off cytoplasm

has granulomere alpha and beta to promote aggregation during clot formation
and hyalomere (peripheral cytoplasm)

52
Q

thrombocytes

appearance

A

small discs w/o nucleus
granulomere: basophilic at center, electron dense
hyalomere: lavendar/light blue ring

53
Q

special stains

blood histology

A

Giemsa trichrome (methylene blue + eosin + azure B)
Wright stain (similar to Giemsa)
H&E but WBC harder to differentiate

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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