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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

CBC

complete blood count

A

most commonly ordered test
counts/measures blood cells

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2
Q

CBC

info

A

raw counts RBC and WBC
immature RBC and WBC
relative WBC counts
average volume, ratio, concentration

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3
Q

BMP

A

measures serum contents aka
electrolytes/metabolites
liver proteins/enzymes/metabolites

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4
Q

whole blood

components

A

formed elements (cells/platelets) + fluid ECM (plasma)

55% plasma + 44% erythrocytes + 1% buffy coat

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5
Q

hematocrit

A

RBC vol / total blood vol

varies by age and sex
highest in newborns
a part of erythrocyte content of whole blood

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6
Q

buffy coat

A

WBC + platelets
less than 1%

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7
Q

plasma

composition

A

yellowish fluid formed elements are suspended/ organic compounds and electrolytes suspended or dissolve

mostly water (92%) + protein (7%)

yellow from bilirubin

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8
Q

plasma

function

A

transport-cells, nutrients, wastes, proteins, etc
homeostasis- osmotic and pH balance
hemostasis- prevent blood loss during injury

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9
Q

hemostasis

definiton

A

prevent blood loss during injury while keeping circulating blood fluid

process leading to coagulation/clotting

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10
Q

serum

A

plasma - fibrinogen

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11
Q

fibrinogen

A

fiber component of blood ECM
converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting/when blood removed from body

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12
Q

fibrin clots

A

necessary to stop blood loss and promote wound healing

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13
Q

clotting

balance

A

fibrinogen > fibrin by thrombin
fibrin forms 3D branching net to trap RBCs and platelets
too much clotting = thrombosis

breakdown of fibrin via fibrinolysis

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14
Q

flow cytometry

A

automated cell typing and counting via cytometer

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15
Q

peripheral blood smear

A

older version to count
still used for shapes (morphology) and parasites

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16
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process that stem cells and precursors give rise to formed elements
bc fairly short life spans, need to be replaced

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17
Q

erythrocytes

function

A

gas transfer and transport across lung and tissue capillaries
function reflected by morphology

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

mature RBC

shape

A

bioconvave disk bc better SA:vol ratio and more flexible

has central pallor (pale thin center in LM)

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19
Q

RBC membrane

A

reduced cytoskeleton (no microtubules or IFs)
unique filament = spectrin (actin too)
TMPs: Band 3 and glycophorins

spectrin + actin form grid under membrane for ICAMs and TMPs

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20
Q

Band 3

A

most abundant
transports HCO3- (bicarb) across membrane, mediates exchange of Cl- and HCO3-

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21
Q

glycophorins

A

have ABO and Rh antigens

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22
Q

RBC variation

malformed

A

problem w/ spectrin-actin grid OR ICAMs

compromise structural integrity

removed by splenic macrophages

23
Q

why RBC lack organelles

A

eject thru development
maximize space for HgB
no mitochondria or nucleus

24
Q

RBC

viral correlate

A

viruses cannot replicate inside mature RBC bc no nucleus so no protein synthesis or cell divison

25
MCV
how much HgB each RBC can hold aka capacity for hemoglobin
26
MCH
actual measure of HgB in RBC
27
polycythemia | clinical correlate
inc RBC mass in circulating blood = blood too viscous so inc risk thrombosis CBC: high hematocrit or RBC count
28
anemias
HgB in blood insufficient to meet oxygen needs symptoms of low oxygen: fatigue, SOB, weakness, dizzy/lightheaded/pale skin is a SYMPTOM NOT DIAGNOSIS bc many things can cause
29
anemia | causes
low HgB= blood loss, small RBCs, too few RBCs, low iron, abnormally shaped RBC
30
abnormally shaped RBCs | causes
problems in: RBC development, HgB molecule or synthesis, splenic macrophages not remove from circulation abnormal shape = dec MCV = less HgB | result in anemia
31
reticulocytes
immature RBC's /last stage before maturity have more organelles than mature (still no nucleus) not biconcave disk
32
immature RBC | clinical revelance
high numbers on CBC = inc or severe demand for new RBC supply of available mature insufficient to meet demands so inc immature to help
33
leukocytes types | WBC
granulocytes- large secondary granules, mature, grainy LM agranulocytes- no large secondary granules, immature, not grainy LM
34
granulocytes | subtypes
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
35
agranulocytes | subtypes
lymphocytes monocytes
36
cytoplasmic granules types
primary secondary tertiary
37
primary granules
in all 5 WBC modified lysosomes too small to see indiv but collectively = lavender/light blue color | azurophilic
38
secondary granules
only in granulocytes secretory vesicles | specific
39
tertiary granules
in neutrophils only
40
esoinophils
attack protozoans and helminth parasites degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes (inc # in tissues @inflammation or infection site) recruited to lower airways in viral infections | type of granulocyte
41
eosinophils | appearance
bilobate nucleus w/ thin heterochromatin connecting primary granules (destroy parasties, hydrolyze antigen-antibody complex) secondary granules (parasite cytotoxins, have crytalloid bodies/stripes in TEM) | secondary granules intensely acidophilic/eosinohphilic
42
basophils
initiate type I hypersensitivity rxns mediate subsequent inflammatory response rarest WBC degranulate if exposed to antigens/allergens = release histamine and heparin | same function as mast cells
43
basophil | appearance
2-3 lobes in nucleus in S shape 1 granules: proteolytic enzymes digest ECM 2 granules: histmine, heparin, intensely basophilic | also metachromatic no stripes on secondary in TEM
44
neutrophils
most common WBC, first responders active phagocytes of bacteria and fungi secrete anti-microbial substance into ECM
45
neutrophils | appearance
multilobate 3-5 1 granules: bacteriocidal enzymes, antimicrobial pepties 2 granules: antimicrobial peptides, proteolytic enzymes 3 granules: proteolytic enzyes primary and secondary small and look very similar | Barr body stains basophilic and acidophilic cytoplasm
46
band cells
immature neutrophils released from bone marrow when dire need present in circulating blood low # C shaped nuclues
47
lymphocytes | agranulocyte
main cell of lymphatic system attack viruses only primary granules w/ few small lysosomes in circ blood: still immature, immunocompetent | second most common WBC
48
lymphocytes | appearance
large oval nucleus w/ thin lavendar cytoplasm around non grainy no lobes granules not visible in LM
49
monocytes
macrophage precursor and other phagocytic cells only in blood to travel (bone marrow > CT) 1 granules: normal lysosomal enzymes
50
monocytes | appearance
B/C/kidney shaped aka large indent lavendar cytoplasm not grainy granules not visible in LM pseudopods often present
51
thrombocytes | platelets
clotthing and tissue repair from megakaryocytes (mainly in bone marrow not normally circulate) platelets cleave off cytoplasm has granulomere alpha and beta to promote aggregation during clot formation and hyalomere (peripheral cytoplasm)
52
thrombocytes | appearance
small discs w/o nucleus granulomere: basophilic at center, electron dense hyalomere: lavendar/light blue ring
53
special stains | blood histology
Giemsa trichrome (methylene blue + eosin + azure B) Wright stain (similar to Giemsa) H&E but WBC harder to differentiate

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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