Blood Flashcards
CBC
complete blood count
most commonly ordered test
counts/measures blood cells
CBC
info
raw counts RBC and WBC
immature RBC and WBC
relative WBC counts
average volume, ratio, concentration
BMP
measures serum contents aka
electrolytes/metabolites
liver proteins/enzymes/metabolites
whole blood
components
formed elements (cells/platelets) + fluid ECM (plasma)
55% plasma + 44% erythrocytes + 1% buffy coat
hematocrit
RBC vol / total blood vol
varies by age and sex
highest in newborns
a part of erythrocyte content of whole blood
buffy coat
WBC + platelets
less than 1%
plasma
composition
yellowish fluid formed elements are suspended/ organic compounds and electrolytes suspended or dissolve
mostly water (92%) + protein (7%)
yellow from bilirubin
plasma
function
transport-cells, nutrients, wastes, proteins, etc
homeostasis- osmotic and pH balance
hemostasis- prevent blood loss during injury
hemostasis
definiton
prevent blood loss during injury while keeping circulating blood fluid
process leading to coagulation/clotting
serum
plasma - fibrinogen
fibrinogen
fiber component of blood ECM
converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting/when blood removed from body
fibrin clots
necessary to stop blood loss and promote wound healing
clotting
balance
fibrinogen > fibrin by thrombin
fibrin forms 3D branching net to trap RBCs and platelets
too much clotting = thrombosis
breakdown of fibrin via fibrinolysis
flow cytometry
automated cell typing and counting via cytometer
peripheral blood smear
older version to count
still used for shapes (morphology) and parasites
hematopoiesis
process that stem cells and precursors give rise to formed elements
bc fairly short life spans, need to be replaced
erythrocytes
function
gas transfer and transport across lung and tissue capillaries
function reflected by morphology
oxygen and carbon dioxide
mature RBC
shape
bioconvave disk bc better SA:vol ratio and more flexible
has central pallor (pale thin center in LM)
RBC membrane
reduced cytoskeleton (no microtubules or IFs)
unique filament = spectrin (actin too)
TMPs: Band 3 and glycophorins
spectrin + actin form grid under membrane for ICAMs and TMPs
Band 3
most abundant
transports HCO3- (bicarb) across membrane, mediates exchange of Cl- and HCO3-
glycophorins
have ABO and Rh antigens
RBC variation
malformed
problem w/ spectrin-actin grid OR ICAMs
compromise structural integrity
removed by splenic macrophages
why RBC lack organelles
eject thru development
maximize space for HgB
no mitochondria or nucleus
RBC
viral correlate
viruses cannot replicate inside mature RBC bc no nucleus so no protein synthesis or cell divison
MCV
how much HgB each RBC can hold aka capacity for hemoglobin
MCH
actual measure of HgB in RBC
polycythemia
clinical correlate
inc RBC mass in circulating blood = blood too viscous so inc risk thrombosis
CBC: high hematocrit or RBC count
anemias
HgB in blood insufficient to meet oxygen needs
symptoms of low oxygen: fatigue, SOB, weakness, dizzy/lightheaded/pale skin
is a SYMPTOM NOT DIAGNOSIS bc many things can cause
anemia
causes
low HgB=
blood loss, small RBCs, too few RBCs, low iron, abnormally shaped RBC
abnormally shaped RBCs
causes
problems in:
RBC development, HgB molecule or synthesis, splenic macrophages not remove from circulation
abnormal shape = dec MCV = less HgB
result in anemia
reticulocytes
immature RBC’s /last stage before maturity
have more organelles than mature (still no nucleus)
not biconcave disk
immature RBC
clinical revelance
high numbers on CBC = inc or severe demand for new RBC
supply of available mature insufficient to meet demands so inc immature to help
leukocytes types
WBC
granulocytes- large secondary granules, mature, grainy LM
agranulocytes- no large secondary granules, immature, not grainy LM
granulocytes
subtypes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
agranulocytes
subtypes
lymphocytes
monocytes
cytoplasmic granules types
primary
secondary
tertiary
primary granules
in all 5 WBC
modified lysosomes
too small to see indiv but collectively = lavender/light blue color
azurophilic
secondary granules
only in granulocytes
secretory vesicles
specific
tertiary granules
in neutrophils only
esoinophils
attack protozoans and helminth parasites
degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes (inc # in tissues @inflammation or infection site)
recruited to lower airways in viral infections
type of granulocyte
eosinophils
appearance
bilobate nucleus w/ thin heterochromatin connecting
primary granules (destroy parasties, hydrolyze antigen-antibody complex)
secondary granules (parasite cytotoxins, have crytalloid bodies/stripes in TEM)
secondary granules intensely acidophilic/eosinohphilic
basophils
initiate type I hypersensitivity rxns
mediate subsequent inflammatory response
rarest WBC
degranulate if exposed to antigens/allergens = release histamine and heparin
same function as mast cells
basophil
appearance
2-3 lobes in nucleus in S shape
1 granules: proteolytic enzymes digest ECM
2 granules: histmine, heparin, intensely basophilic
also metachromatic
no stripes on secondary in TEM
neutrophils
most common WBC, first responders
active phagocytes of bacteria and fungi
secrete anti-microbial substance into ECM
neutrophils
appearance
multilobate 3-5
1 granules: bacteriocidal enzymes, antimicrobial pepties
2 granules: antimicrobial peptides, proteolytic enzymes
3 granules: proteolytic enzyes
primary and secondary small and look very similar
Barr body
stains basophilic and acidophilic cytoplasm
band cells
immature neutrophils released from bone marrow when dire need
present in circulating blood low #
C shaped nuclues
lymphocytes
agranulocyte
main cell of lymphatic system
attack viruses
only primary granules w/ few small lysosomes
in circ blood: still immature, immunocompetent
second most common WBC
lymphocytes
appearance
large oval nucleus w/ thin lavendar cytoplasm around non grainy
no lobes
granules not visible in LM
monocytes
macrophage precursor and other phagocytic cells
only in blood to travel (bone marrow > CT)
1 granules: normal lysosomal enzymes
monocytes
appearance
B/C/kidney shaped aka large indent
lavendar cytoplasm
not grainy
granules not visible in LM
pseudopods often present
thrombocytes
platelets
clotthing and tissue repair
from megakaryocytes (mainly in bone marrow not normally circulate) platelets cleave off cytoplasm
has granulomere alpha and beta to promote aggregation during clot formation
and hyalomere (peripheral cytoplasm)
thrombocytes
appearance
small discs w/o nucleus
granulomere: basophilic at center, electron dense
hyalomere: lavendar/light blue ring
special stains
blood histology
Giemsa trichrome (methylene blue + eosin + azure B)
Wright stain (similar to Giemsa)
H&E but WBC harder to differentiate
