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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Urinary System (8) > Flashcards

Urinary System (8) Flashcards

1
Q

components

A
  1. aorta
  2. renal artery
  3. kidney
  4. ureter
  5. bladder
  6. urethra
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2
Q

kidney structure

A
  1. renal capsule
  2. cortex
  3. medulla
  4. renal column of bertin (b/t medulla pyramids)
  5. renal papilla
  6. minor calices
  7. major calyx
  8. renal pelvis
  9. renal sinus (fat filled space)
  10. hilum for all tubes/ducts/nerves
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3
Q

renal capsule histology

A

two layers
1. outer = collagen + fibroblast
2. inner = collagen + myofibroblasts

myofibrils contractile and springy

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4
Q

nephron components

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. distal convoluted tubue
  4. loops of henle w/ thin and thick ascending + descending

basic unit of kidney

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5
Q

cortical labyrinth

A

has all the curly stuff aka renal corpuscle + both convoluted tubules + connecting tubule

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6
Q

medullary rays

A

all the straight stuff aka tubules/limbs + collecting duct

extend from base of pyramid to cortex

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7
Q

loops of henle

A

short loop and long loops

longer concentrate urine more than short

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8
Q

uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + collecting duct

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9
Q

kidney lobes

A

renal pyramid (medullary) + cortical arch + columns of bertin

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10
Q

kidney lobule

A

collecting duct + all nephrons that empty into it

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11
Q

corpuscle development

A

developing glomerulus w/ afferent and efferent tubes invaginates tubule

ends with visceral layer (of Bowman’s capsule) on glomerulus + parietal layer outer

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12
Q

corpuscle components

A
  1. afferent arteriole = blood into cap bed, larger
  2. efferent arteriole = blood away, smaller since less from filtering
  3. urinary space = filtrate diffuses into from cap bed, aka bowmans space
  4. glomerulus = tufts of fenestrated capillaries surrounded by bowmans capsule
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13
Q

filtration barrier

corpuscle

A
  1. podocytes (primary) extend pedicels (secondary) around glomerulus for large moles
  2. nephrin diaphragm b/t pedicels for small moles like proteins

podocytes form visceral layer of bowman capsule

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14
Q

congenital nephrotic syndrome

A

mutation in nephrin gene so leaky diaphragm
-massive proteinuria > edema

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15
Q

layer histology
-glomerulus

A
  1. endothelial @inside cap bed = glycocalyx + glycoproteins
  2. basement membrane = basal lamina
  3. parietal epithelial cells = simple squamous
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16
Q

intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

phagocytic
-resorbs basal lamina and crud

@ basement membrane/basal lamina b/t capillaries

17
Q

alport’s syndrome

A

aka hereditary glomerulonephritis
-mutation in gene for type IV collagen in glomeruli
=renal leaking, hematuria, proteinuria, progressive renal failure

18
Q

proximal convoluted tubules

A

ultrafiltrate pass from corpuscle into lumen of PCT via urinary pole

vascular pole at other end of bowmans capsule for blood

19
Q

PCT histology

A

cloudy looking, acidophilic cytoplasm, low mitochondria

cuboidal cells + microvilli for brush border

20
Q

loops of henle

A

PCT > thick descending limb of loop
so has same profile as PCT

thick ascending > DCT so same profile

thick = cuboidal VS thin = simple squamous

21
Q

vasa recta

A

arteries with RBCs that look like they have bubbles

22
Q

distal convoluted tubules

DCT

A

has clear lumen (more white space) and smaller cuboidal epi
-fewer microvilli
-more mitochondria
-ZO tight junctions

23
Q

macula densa

A

modified seg of distal tubule for renin secretion via juxtaglomerular cells

chemoreceptor cells sensitive to sodium chloride so imp for reg blood pressure

24
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle in tunica media of afferent arteriole

have granules of renin for BP regulation

jux. apparatus = macula densa + jux cells

25
Q

blood pressure fall pathway

A
  1. in resp to low sodium: macula densa dilates afferent arterioles to inc flow in + instructs jux cells to release renin
  2. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 (mild vasoconstrictor to inc P)
  3. ACE converts it to angiotensin 2
  4. angiotensin 2 is potent vasoconstrictor, inc thirst, release aldosterone, release ADH, inhibit renin release, release prostaglandins so afferent stays dilated
26
Q

connecting tubules

A

simple cuboidal epi with basement membrane + supporting tissue

multi connecting tubules enter into single collecting duct

27
Q

collecting ducts

A

columnar epi

surrounded by renal interstitium with fibroblasts + macrophages + CT

28
Q

renal papilla

A

20 ducts of bellini open into papilla of pyramid = area cribosa

covered by transitional epi

29
Q

calices

A

funnel shaped lined by transitional epi + has smooth muscle layer

minor = urine from single pyramid
major = urine from up to 4 minors

30
Q

ureter histology

A

star shaped lumen when empty with transitional epi
-lamina propria
-smooth muscle longitudinal inner and outer + circular for peristalsis
-adventitia

31
Q

bladder layers

A
  1. mucosa = transitional epi + lamina propria
  2. muscularis = inner longitudinal + outer circular + outermost longitudinal

transitional have dome/umbrella surface cells

32
Q

urothelium cells

A

@umbrella/dome cells for accomodation

have urothelial plaques + interplaque regions = impermeable barrier
also has hinge regions + fusiform vesicles make jagged contours when empty

33
Q

male urethra

A
  1. prostatic @ prostate gland lined by transitional epi
  2. membranous @ perineal membrane lined by stratified columnar epi + pseudo columnar
  3. spongy @ penis lined by stratified columnar + patches of pseudo and stratified squamous non keratin
  4. glands of littre line urethra, mucous glands @ lamina propria
34
Q

penile urethral glands

A

glands of littre and bulbourethral glands of cowper lubricate urethral lumen

nuclei of littre release mucous to clean urethra of urine prior to ejaculation

35
Q

female urethra

A

transitional epi near neck of bladder > stratified squamous nonkeratin epi + patches pseudo columnar

numerous glands of littre

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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