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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A
  1. air conduction/transport - alveoli
  2. conditioning w/ moisture and warmth
  3. filtration to remove particles/pathogens
  4. **mechanical **respiration aka exchange b/t air and blood
  5. reservoir for megakaryocytes maybe
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2
Q

air conduction specifics

A
  1. ventilation = move air in/out lungs
  2. carry olfactory stimuli to receptors in region of nasal cavity
  3. move air past larynx to generate speech
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3
Q

system components

A
  1. extrapulmonary portion of resp tract
  2. intrapulmonary portion of tract
  3. CT stroma (divides lungs into lobes)
  4. visceral + parietal pleura
  5. muscles of respiration
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4
Q

tract divisions

A
  1. conducting (extra + intrapulmonary) for air transport/filtration/conditioning only
  2. respiratory (alveoli, bronchioles) where gas exchange with blood actually occurs
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5
Q

conducting portion contents

A

trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
small bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

respiratory portion contents

A

respirator bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
alveolus

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7
Q

tract layers

A
  1. mucosa (surface epithelium + lamina propria + musculars mucosae)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adventitia/serosa

not every tract will have every layer

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8
Q

adventitia layer

A

maybe cartilage usually hyaline but in larynx elastic

keeps large airways patent

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9
Q

submucosa layer

A

dense irregular fibroelastic CT
maybe seromucous glands

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10
Q

respiratory system mucosa layer

A

-surface epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis (reg diameter of airways via smooth muscle + structure)

acetylcholine causes SM contraction and restrict airways

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11
Q

olfactory region

location

A

only has olfactory mucosa with epithelium and propria
@periosteum of cribiform plate in ethnoid bone (roof of nasal cavity)

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12
Q

olfactory mucosa histology

A
  1. olfactory epithelium- pseudostratified ciliated columnar w/o goblet cells + receptor cells
  2. lamina propria- LCT + vessles + swell bodies (venous plexus) + nerves aka CN I + bowmans glands (serous, dissolve odorants)

nerves are unmyelinated

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13
Q

cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  1. receptor cells w/ dendrite bulb and cilia, bipolar, unmyelinated
  2. supporting cells/sustentacular aka glial cells
  3. basal stem cells
  4. brush cells for general sensory recption via CN V (columnar w/microvilli)
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14
Q

olfactory N

clinical relevance

A

axons of receptor cells route to CNS so pathogens could bypass BBB>viruses entering olfactory cells can trigger apoptosis

receptor cells are exposed to circulating air in nasal cavity

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15
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar with
-goblet cells for mucus to trap particles
-ciliated columnar cells to move mucus to mouth, motile
-basal cells for stem
-brush cells for general sensory
-neuroendocrine cells aka kulchitsky to secrete hormones (catecholamines, serotonin, calcitonin) dec after birth
-mast cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (T)

line most of respiratory tract

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16
Q

mucociliary clearance

A

if mucus too thick cilia have more diff time clearing it or can’t at all

goblet cells and cilia

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17
Q

nasal cavity/sinuses/nasopharynx

histology

A

nasal mucosa: LP has
numerous swell bodies
vessels and glands (condition air)

swell bodies rupture in nose bleeds

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18
Q

oral cavity/oropharynx /laryngopharynx

A

shared with digestive tract
mucosa = nonkeratinized stratified squamous

food more abrasive than air so need thicker epi for protection

19
Q

larynx

histology

A

lined by respir epithelium except true vocal cords (nonker strat squamous)

LP = numerous mucous and seromucous glands

no muscularis or submucosa

adventitia = hyaline cartilage except epiglottis is elastic cartilage

epiglottis bends during swallowing then returns to og

20
Q

trachea and bronchi

mucosa

A

BM very thick in trachea/primary/secondary bronchi so harder for pathogens to cross

LP has BALT and seromucous glands

muscularis: absent in trachea and primary
-present as cont SM layer in secondary and tertiary
-SM strips in smaller bronchi

21
Q

BALT

A

diffuse lymphoid tissue

common in infants > adolescents but in adults only assoc w/ illness or smoking

22
Q

trachea and bronchi

submucosa

A

submucosal glands/seromucous
dec in size and number as bronchi get smaller

23
Q

trachea and bronchi

adventitia

A

in all bronchi + hyaline cartilage
trachea + primary = C rings with trachealis muscle to contract

2/3/smaller = irregular plates, dec in size

24
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflamm disease of intrapulmonary airways (bronchi) so trouble air in and out

first attack b/t 0-6 yr old

triggers: allergens, exercise, breathing cold air

25
Q

asthma histology changes

A

bronchospasms irritate mucosa = inc mucus > inflammation

edema and elevated WBC in tissues

repeated attacks = inc # of goblet cells so more mucus and perm thickening of walls esp small bronchi

26
Q

bronchioles

layers

A

epithelium = simple cuboidal, no goblet cells, club cells

LP= no glands or balt but lots of elastic fibers

muscularis= thick in all, cont sheets around circumference of largest>strips in terminal/respir

no cartilage

27
Q

club cells

A

stem cells and secretion

  1. surface active agent to prevent luminal adhesion and bronchial walls from collapsing and sticking to walls, soapy
  2. CC16 antioxidant and antiinflammatory molecule, elevates when bronchioles damage
28
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

end of conducting portion

mucosa is solid wall w/o gaps, short simple columnar, no glands, discont muscularis
no submucosa
adventitia = fibroelastic CT

29
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

first airways in respiratory division

walls have alveoli budding off

air flow b/t respir bronchioles directly into alveoli

30
Q

alveoli

A

gas exchange occurs w/ continuous capillaries

pores of Kohn: collateral gas circulation b/t adj alveoli if blocked, passageway for macrophages/pathogens

31
Q

alveolar ducts

A

no cuboidal epi or SM

have gaps opening into alveoli

terminates in a alveolar sac

32
Q

cell types in alveolar epithelium

A
  1. type I- pneumocytes, gas exchange, 95% of alveolar surface, cannot divide, thin/delicate
  2. type II- stem cells, secrete surfactant (lipids and proteins) to reduce surface tension from lamellar bodies
33
Q

associated cells

not in alveolar epi

A

alveolar macrophages/dust cells
-patrol surface of lumen so not embedded w/i, travel thru pores or burrow into CT
-also patrol CT of alveolar septum

34
Q

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

NRDS

A

type II cells not differentiate until week 22-34, lungs not differentiate until week 35

premature babies (under 28) underdev lungs and type II cells not enough surfactant to prevent collapse

can lead to hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis

35
Q

interstitium

A

LP of alveolar wall= pulmonary intersistium

mostly elastic fibers, no glands
-allow to expand during inhalation then relax, passive way of getting air out of alveoli

36
Q

emphysema

A

form of COPD (from smoking, pollution)

destruction of elastic fibers in alveolar walls = reduced ability to get air out

neutrophils secrete elastases that destroy fibers so alveoli lose elasticity > walls destroy so less surface area for gas transfer

37
Q

alveolar septum

A

2 alveolar epi + BM
+pulmonary interstitium
+cont capillary + BM

38
Q

epithelium trends

A

more cell types in larger airways

tall pseudostratified columnar in most of tract > simple squamous in alveoli

39
Q

alveolar septum

TEM

A

thin portion= BM of capillary endo fuses with BM of alveolar epi

thick portion= alveolar epi DM sep by interstitium so no fusion

40
Q

smooth muscle trends

muscularis

A

1.continous sheets in larger bronchi
2.strips in smaller
3.continuous sheets in largest bronchioles
4.small circumferential strips in terminal and respir bronchioles
5.absent in alveolar ducts/sacs/alveoli

41
Q

elastic fibers trends

in LP and submucosa

A

fairly consistent
esp important in alveoli

42
Q

cartilage trends

adventitia

A

only in trachea and bronchi
absent in bronchioles and alveoli

43
Q

blood gas barrier

air-blood

A

physical barrier includes everything gasses must cross

site of gas transfer to RBCs
prevents bubbles from forming in blood
prevent blood from entering alveoli

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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