Cartilage

Question 1

cartilage

general

Answer 1

specialized CT
firm and pliable

contains cells that make fibers and ECM

Question 2

types of cartilage

Answer 2

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 3

hyaline cartilage

aka articular

Answer 3

made of fine collagen fibrils
white/blue/glossy/smooth appearance in fresh specimen

Question 4

hyaline cartilage

function

Answer 4

reduce friction at moveable joints
shock absorber

shoulder, elbow, hand, hip, knee, foot

Question 5

hyaline cartilage

locations

Answer 5

places that maintain a lumen/open space
articular surfaces of bones
epiphyseal plates of growing bones

Question 6

open spaces

hyaline

Answer 6

respiratory passages (larynx, trachea, bronchi)
nasal cartilages (keep nostrils open)

Question 7

articular surfaces

hyaline

Answer 7

moveable joints
thoracic cavity joints (costochrondral, sternocostal, synovial plane 2-7)

Question 8

epiphyseal plates

Answer 8

for long bone growth
plates allow grow in length
start as all hyaline (hyaline cartilage model) > bone replaces cartilage

Question 9

chondrogenesis

hyaline cartilage

Answer 9

1. mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
2. differentiate into chondroblasts (tight packed)
3. produce ECM (spread apart)
4. isogenous groups/clusters/bubbles of chondrocytes

Question 10

perichondrium

Answer 10

CT capsule surrounds most hyaline
contains vessels and nerves

Question 11

layers of perichondrium

Answer 11

outer fibrous layer: dense, collagenous CT, protects/supports, can see fibroblasts nuclei

inner cellular layer: allows cartilage growth/maintenance

fibroblasts make collagen

Question 12

types of growth

Answer 12

interstitial: expansion from w/i cartilage (isogenous groups)

appositional: on surface of cartilage (inner perichondrium)

Question 13

cartilage too thick?

Answer 13

cells furthest away from nutrients will die

Question 14

interstitial growth

locations

Answer 14

chondrogenesis
articular cartilage
growth plates

none in articular bc no perichondrium

Question 15

appositional growth

locations

Answer 15

in most cartilages
throughout lifespan of the cartilage

Question 16

lacunae

hyaline

Answer 16

bubble that surrounds chondrocytes

Question 17

hyaline matrix

composition

Answer 17

proteins (collagen II)
proteoglycan monomers (GAG’s)
hyaluronan molecules (w/ GAG’s attached)
ECM

hyaluronan + collagen fibrils = 3D mesh shock absorber

Question 18

cartilage matrix

Answer 18

pericullular capsule around lacunae in chrondrocytes, protects vs. compression
intensely basophilic territorial matrix
lighter staining interterritorial

Question 19

cartilage matrix

function

Answer 19

highly hydrated (95% ECM 5% cell)
permits diffusion of nutrients

Question 20

hyaline cartilage

characteristics

Answer 20

avascular so nutrients/oxy diffuse thru ECM from close tissues
no nerve fibers otherwise would feel every joint movement
resists forces (tension, compression)

Question 21

elastic cartilage

locations

Answer 21

ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis, larynx

Question 22

elastic cartilage

characteristics

Answer 22

elastic fibers and collagen in fibrous perichondrium so bends easily

more/larger chondrocytes than hyaline

elastic fibers highly concentrated in territorial matrix

Question 23

fibrocartilage

Answer 23

b/t dense CT and hyaline
dense collagen I alternate w/ rows of chondrocytes

collagen bundles parallel to stress

NO perichondrium bc so much collagen

Question 24

fibrocartilage

locations

Answer 24

articular disk TMJ
intervertebral disks
pubic symphasis

Question 25

cartilage WITHOUT perichondrium

Answer 25

fibrocartilage
articular cartilage
epiphyseal growth plates

Question 26

osteoarthritis

clinical correlate

Answer 26

articular surface of bone degenerates = expose bone

GAG’s less hydrated with aging

pain from nerve fibers in bone exposed

Question 27

osteoarthritis

symptoms

Answer 27

swelling, stiffness, reduce ROM in affected joints
most common type of arthritis

Question 28

normal joint appearance

Answer 28

synovial cavity with synovial membrane b/t bones/cartilage

Question 29

ankylosis

clinical correlate

Answer 29

from trauma via sport or string instrument
hyaline calcifies>dies>replaced w/bone >carpal bones fuse together = no movement bc no joints

Question 30

rheumatoid arthritis

clinical correlate

Answer 30

autoimmune disease
autoantibodies attack synovial joints > hyaline damaged = disfigurement of joints + severe pain