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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Connective Tissue/CT Proper > Flashcards

Connective Tissue/CT Proper Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

purposes

A

physically connects tissues
fills spaces to integrate
forms pathways
mechanical properties to larger structures
structural support
defense and repair
physiological support
metabolic storage
signaling

basically everything

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2
Q

Composition of CT

A

ECM (fibers + ground sub)
cells (permanent + temporary residents)

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3
Q

Defining characteristics

A

more ECM than cells mostly
more fibers than ground sub
vascularized

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4
Q

most common fibers

in ECM

A

collagen I
elastic fibers
reticular (collagen III)

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5
Q

special fibers in blood

A

fibrin

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6
Q

special fibers in hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

collagen II

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7
Q

resident cells

aka fixed

A

develop/remain/perform functions in CT
long lived
from mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

types of resident cells

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
chondroblast/chrondrocytes
osteocytes/bone lining
mast cells
macrophage

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9
Q

transient cells

aka free cells

A

develop in bone marrow
circulate in blood
recruit to CT to perform

temporary/short lived

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10
Q

transient cells examples

A

plasma cells
leukocytes WBC

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11
Q

origins of CT cells

A

mesenchyme (from mesoderm)
bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells

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12
Q

fibroblasts

A

most abundant and least specialized
low turnover (rarely divide)
active or inactive

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13
Q

cortisol

on fibroblasts

A

inhibits fibroblast growth and division so no collagen or elastin

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14
Q

active fibroblasts

A

synthesizing proteins for secretion
euchromatic nuclei
cytoplasm basophilic
elongate oval shape

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15
Q

inactive fibroblasts

fibrocytes

A

quiescent (synthetically less active)
smaller/flatter nuclei
cytoplasm acidophilic so blends w/ collagen I
can reactivate

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16
Q

adipocytes

A

syntheize/store/release fats
more efficient and lighter energy store than glycogen
from mesenchymal cells or fibroblasts
terminally differentiated

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17
Q

types of adipocytes

A

white fat cells
brown fat cells

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18
Q

do white blood cells divide

A

NO
but can re-differentiate to brown

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19
Q

beiging of white fat

A

from caloric restrictions (gastric bypass or intermediate fasting)
or repeated cold exposure

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20
Q

white fat cells

unilocular adipocytes

A

store energy and release fats
produce adipokines (hormones)
1 fat droplet per cell surrounded by external lamina and reticular fibers

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21
Q

adipokines

A

regulate fatty acid metabolism and body weight

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22
Q

types of adipokines

A

leptin- reduce appetite
adiponectin-dec glucose release
retinol-binding protein 4- promote gluc release

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23
Q

multilocular adipocytes

brown fat cells

A

generate heat via decoupling oxidative phosphorylation mainly

more common in newborns bc number declines with age

mostly in or near adrenal glands in adults

24
Q

multilocular adipocytes

structures

A

multiple droplets per cell
smaller than white fat cells
nucleus is round/unsquished/euchromatic
have many large mitochondria

cytochromes in mitochondria give brown color

25
Q

mast cells

A

initiate type I hypersensitivity rxns
mediate inflammatory proceses

allergic reactions

26
Q

mast cells

location

A

from hemopoietic stem cells
circulate in blood until recruited
differentiate @CT proper or mucosa of respir/dig tracts

27
Q

signature feature of mast cells

A

secretory granules very large
intensely basophilic/metachromatic/electron dense

28
Q

contents of secretory vesicles

mast cells

A

histamine
heparin
enzymes
chemicals to recruit WBC

29
Q

type I hypersensitivity rxn

step 1

A

1st exposure to allergen:
plasma cells back IgE antibodies
antibodies bind receptors in membranes of mast cells = sensitized

30
Q

type I hypersensitivity rxn

step 2

A

rexposure to antigen/allergen:
binds to IgE antibodies in mast
triggers degranulation
histamine released = inflammatory response

31
Q

effects of histamine

A

inc blood flow by lower BP
inc mucus production
causes contraction of smooth muscle in bronchi

inactivated by heparin

32
Q

macrophages

functions

A

phagocytosis
present antigens to lymphocytes
promote wound healing

33
Q

macrophages

appearance

A

off center nuclues
kidney shaped
euchromatic
have pseudopods and phagosomes

34
Q

macrophages

derived from

A

monocytes aka WBC

35
Q

plasma B cells

A

from activated B lympocytes
synthesize and secrete antibodies (Ig)

secretion is constitutive/continuous

36
Q

plasma cell

appearance

A

intensely basophilic bc lots of RER
large golgi ghose
no granules in cytoplasm
signature clock face

37
Q

WBCs

leukocytes

A

exit bloodstream migrate to CT as needed

38
Q

classifications of CT

A

embyronic
CT proper
specialized CT

39
Q

embryonic CT

A

mucous CT
mesenchyme

only in embryos

40
Q

CT proper

subtypes

A

loose/areolar
dense regular
densse irregular
elastic
reticular

physical connection b/t organs and support within

41
Q

specialized CT

subtypes

A

adipose (white and brown)
cartilage
bone
blood

physiological support and/or structural support entire body

42
Q

mucous CT

A

mostly ECM (ground substance)
only in umbilical cord
firm gel helps resist compression

43
Q

mesenchyme

A

in developing embryos and fetus
main type of embryonic CT
many tissues derive from it

44
Q

mesenchyme

A

synthesize ECM of embryonic CT
synthesize all 3 fiber types
pluripotent > resident CT cells

45
Q

loose CT

areolar

A

cobwebs
mostly collagen I and elastin fibers
vascularized
most common cells = fibroblast, macrophages

46
Q

loose CT

function

A

transition b/t epithelia and deeper CT
provides packaging and protection to blood vessels and nerves within

47
Q

dense regular Ct

A

many parallel and closely packed collagen I fibers/bundles
consistent orientation and alignment

48
Q

dense regular CT

function

A

main CT that forms tendons and ligs
resist strong tensile forces from one direction
not well vascularized = long time to heal

49
Q

dense irregular CT

A

many collagen I fibers/bundles in many directions
no consistent orientation
@dermis of skin, organ capsules. epineurium, perichondrium
resist moderate tensile force from many directions
moderately vascularized

50
Q

elastic CT

A

little ground substance
densely packed elastic fibers (Y shape) OR broad sheets of elastin (lamellae or laminae)
few collagen I
mainly fibroblasts

51
Q

reticular CT

A

little ground substance
fibers form 3D scaffold of:
bone marrow
adipose CT
endomysium (muscle tissue)
supports cells of solid organs and glands
main cell: fibroblast
@ red bone marrow, glands, liver, adipose CT

52
Q

adipose CT

A

cells dominate, little ground sub
each cell has external lamina
reticular fibers scaffold b/t adipocytes

53
Q

white adipose CT

A

insulation
cushioning
lipid/energy storage

54
Q

brown adipose CT

A

heat generation
lipid storage

multilocular
well vascularized and innervated
distinct lobules separated by septa
more abundant in fetuses and newborns

55
Q

septa

A

loose or dense irregular CT
nerves and vessels run within

56
Q

brown vs white fat

A

smaller lipid droplets
more mitochondria with larger and more cristae
euchromatic nuclei
more capillaries so better vascularized

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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