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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

bone

definition

A

specialized CT (mineralized, rigid)
living tissue (cells, vessels, nerve fibers)
continuously remodeled
storage for minerals (calcium)
regulates blood calcium levels (via hormones)
supports/protects organs
leverage for movement

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2
Q

remodeling

general

A

pressure applied
bone reabsorption/breakdown
tension on bone
bone deposition (addition)

orthodontics, treat adults and kids

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3
Q

long bone structure

A

epiphysis head w/ spongy bone

diaphysis shaft w/ compact bone around marrow/medullary cavity

epiphysis head

surrounded by periosteum except articular surface

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4
Q

membranes of bones

A

periosteum - around bone
endosteum- inside bone

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5
Q

periosteum

A

external CT capsule covers outer surface except
articular surfaces and tendon insertions

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6
Q

active periosteum

A

layers:
outer fibrous = collagen
inner cellular = immature bone cells aka osteoprogenitor and osteoblasts

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7
Q

inactive periosteum

mature

A

outer fibrous = dense irregular collagen CT, blood and lymph vessels, nerves
-anchored by Sharpe’s fibers to prevent sliding

inner cellular= periosteal cells > osteoblasts if needed for repair
-one layer thick

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8
Q

endosteum

A

internal CT capsule w/ osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
lines bone marrow cavity, spongy bone
contain haversian and volkman canals for small vessels and nerves to reach bone

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9
Q

inorganic component bone matrix

A

minerals
hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate)
bicarbonate, citrate, Mg, Na, K

gives bones hardness

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10
Q

organic component bone matrix

A

proteins
fibers (collagen I)
ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, growth factors/BMPs)

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11
Q

cells of bone tissue

A

mesenchymal stem cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes

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12
Q

osteoclasts

A

from mononuclear hemopoietic progenitor cells

break down/ resorb/ remodel/scuplt bone, miners of minerals from matrix

multinucleated, motile, acidophilic

@ howship lacuna-depression on bone

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13
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

early stage immature bone cells
@ deep layer periosteum and endosteum

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14
Q

osteoblasts

A

cuboidal shape
synthesize osteoid (organic matrix, pre-bone)
non-mineralized

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15
Q

bone lining cells

A

flat and quiescent
covere surface to protect from osteoclasts

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16
Q

osteocytes

A

‘grown up’ osteoblasts
maintain matrix
enclosed in lacuna surrounded by bone then surrounded by osteoid halo

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17
Q

chronic renal failure

CRF

A

inadequate levels of calcium and phosphate ions so osteoid not mineralized

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18
Q

haversian system

A

osteocytes enclosed in lacuna w/ cytoplasmic processes branching off in canaliculi oriented toward canal

concentric rings around canal

ECM provides nutrients/oxygen/hormones

small artery, vein, nerves, NO lymphatics

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19
Q

osteoclast regions

A

ruffled border= resorption, breakdown
clear zone= adhesion, seals around bone w/ actin ring
vesicular= exo/endocytosed material
basal = organelles, nuclei

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20
Q

ruffled border

A

cell membrane infoldings
exocytosis hydrolytic enzymes
secrete protons into reabsorption compartment to dissolve inorganic matrix
endocytosis of broken bone

21
Q

clear zone

A

no organelles
action microfilaments
sealing zone to isolate resorption compartment

22
Q

vesicular zone

A

exocytotic vesicles w/ lysosomal enzymes
endocytic vesicles w/ bone breakdown products

23
Q

basal zone

A

organelles and multiple nuclei
exocytosis of broken down matrix

24
Q

organic breakdown

A
  1. lysosomal enzymes released by osteoclasts into resorption compartment
  2. products of breakdown pass into osteoclast for degradation into amino acids/monosaccharides/disaccharides pass into capillaries
  3. osteoclasts apoptose
25
Q

gross structure

description

A

compact-dense, solid
cancellous- spongy, porous

26
Q

dense bone

A

haversian systems/osteons w/ concentric lamellae of bone

haversian system is functional unit of compact bone

27
Q

cancellous bone

A

irregular bone lamellae
not osteons

28
Q

skull cap development

A

outer table= compact, covered by periosteum (pericranium)
center = spongy bone w/ marrow (diploe)
inner table = compact, periosteal layer of cranial dura mater

29
Q

primary bone

type

A

immature, woven, random orient collagen
during fetal development and bone repair
temporary and resorbed by osteoclasts

replaced by secondary

lining tooth sockets remains immature thru life

30
Q

secondary bone

type

A

parallel or concentric bone lamellae
collagen fibers parallel w/i lamellae
more mineral content than primary
stronger than primary
spongy or compact

31
Q

lamellar systems

compact bone

A

outer circumferential lamellae= deep to periosteum
interstitial lamellae= fragments, remnants of old osteons, interspersed w/i haversian
inner circumferential = around bone marrow cavity

32
Q

rickets

A

from calcium deficiency or inadequaate dietary supply of vitamin D for calcium absorption

osteiod not mineralize properly so soft bones

33
Q

osteoporosis

A

reduction in bone mass = porous
breakdown > formation
lose horizontal trabeculae, thicker vertical
shorter vert. bodies from compression fractures

postmenopausal women
estrogen dec, interleukin 1 & tumor necrosis inc

34
Q

bone tissue development

environment

A
  1. in mesenchyme membrane
    2.hyaline cartilage
35
Q

mechanisms of development

A

intramembranous (mesenchyme)
endochondral (hyaline)

36
Q

development steps

A
  1. intramembranous OR endochondral
  2. osteoblasts form primary immature
  3. resobed my osteoclasts
  4. replaced by secondary mature SPONGY
  5. spongy stays spongy or becomes compact
37
Q

intramembranous

A

bone directly within membrane of highly vascularized mesenchyme

flat bones

skull is flat bone

38
Q

endochondral formation

A

in hyaline cartilage model
long bones

39
Q

endochondral formation

steps

A
  1. hyaline cartilage model with perichondrium
  2. cartilage grows interstitially and appositionally
  3. perichondrium vascularized
  4. signal inner layer to differentiate into osteoblasts
  5. perichondrium > periosteum
  6. bone collar form via intramembranous to block diffusion of nutrients
  7. chondrocytes die
  8. osteoclasts perforate collar
  9. periosteal bud enters w nutrients and cells
  10. osteoprogenitor cells > blasts > osteoid on remnants of calcified cartilage
  11. hemopoietic form bone marrow

all primary center , diaphysis, before birth

40
Q

endochondral formation

secondary center

A

epiphyses, after birth
same process as primary w/o bone collar
cartilage stays in articular surfaces and growth plates (until 18-20)

41
Q

length growth

A

via endochondral in growth plates
thickness of plates stays same but distance b/t inc

42
Q

zone of epiphyseal growth plates

A

1.reserve cartilage= typical hyaline
2.proliferation= interstitial growth by isogenous groups mitosis, cells inc #
3.maturation
4.hypertrophy ‘popcorn’ glycogen, vacuoles
5.calcification/degeneration
6.ossification= calcified cartilage remnants + newly formed bone + osteoblasts + osteocyte + bone marrow

43
Q

growth plate additions

A

bone added to diaphyseal side so pushes epiphysis away

44
Q

growth in width

A

bone deposition via appositional added to outer surface
bone resorption via osteoclasts inside

45
Q

mineralization of matrix

A

hydroxyapatite crystals take over vesicles from mineral growth

osteocalcin and sialoproteins

46
Q

bone repair

steps

A
  1. trauma
  2. neutrophils and macrophages clean debris
  3. Bv’s and fibroblasts grow into blood clot
  4. granulation tissue forms (LCT)
  5. DCT and fibrocartilage form
  6. periosteal osteoprogenitor cells > blasts> osteoid
  7. bone shell on fibrocartilaginous callus
  8. osteogenic buds callus
  9. cartilage calcify > die > replaced
  10. bony callus replaces fibro callus
  11. spongy bone forms
  12. replaced by compact
  13. remodeled
47
Q

achondroplasia

clinical correlate

A

genetic disorder of bone growth= dwarfism
cartilage of epiphyseal plates (proliferation and hypertrophy small)

48
Q

fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

clinical correlate

A

rare CT disease from autosomal dominant mutation in repair mechanisms
soft tissues damaged > repaired w/ bone = loss mobility, difficulty breathing, prison

may be spontaneous

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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