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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

basic structural and functional unit of nervous system

w/ cell body, dendrites, axon

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2
Q

cell bodies

aka soma aka perikaryon

A

trophic/nutritional and metabolic center of the cell

where protein synthesis occurs

membrane specialized for nerve impulse generation

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3
Q

cell body appearance

A

clear, euchromatic nucleus
dense nucleolus
has organelles and cytoplasm

nucleus is always active/synthesizing proteins

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4
Q

multipolar neuron

organelles

A

most common type

-Nissl bodies (RER) for neurotransmitter syn
-Golgi apparatus to package NTs into vesicles
-Mitochondria
-lysosomes

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5
Q

multipolar structural components

A

microfilaments/actin
neurofilaments-changes in formation characteristic of alzheimers

microtubules: form neuronal cytoskeleton for framework to support axons/axonal transport

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6
Q

multipolar appearance

A

Nissl bodies = basophilic clumps of RER

axons = pale since no RER or golgi

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7
Q

inclusions

A

neuromelanin: in substantia nigra, @ midbrain
lipofuscin: in ganglion cells sympathetic

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8
Q

multipolar dendrites

A

radiate from soma to inc receptive area of neuron like antennas that branch and taper

transmit impulses to cell body or other dendrites

never myelinated, have organelles

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9
Q

bipolar neurons

A

special senses aka smell/vision/hearing/balance

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10
Q

pseudounipolar/unipolar

A

cell bodies enclosed in cranila nerve sensory ganglia OR dorsal root ganglia

impulse bypasses cell body (peripheral dendrites > axon terminals to CNS

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11
Q

somatic sensory neurons

A

innervate skin, muscle, tendons, ligaments, joints

transmit touch, pressure, pain, temp, position

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12
Q

visceral sensory neurons

A

mucous membranes, glands, blood vessels, organs

pain or pressure sensations

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13
Q

skeletal motor neurons

A

skeletal muscle

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14
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

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15
Q

neuroglial cells

A

physical and physiological support to neurons

types:
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

astrocytes

A

largest glial cell

cover capillaries w/ vascular feet

assist in blood brain barrier w/ sealant deep to pia mater, scar tissue, monitor ECS

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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate axons in CNS in segments of 3

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18
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic, clean up debris in CNS

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19
Q

ependymal cells

A

line CNS cavities aka ventricles and central canal of spinal cord,

cover choroid plexus

simple cuboidal-columnar shape

20
Q

unmyelinated axons

A

in CNS: not covered by glia
in PNS: occupy groove of Schwann cell

21
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in PNS
via membrane circles around axon until sheath is formed

22
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

bare segments of axon b/t internodes
larger in CNS than PNS

23
Q

PNS axon layers

A

indiv axon= myelin sheath > basal lamina> endoneurium

bundle of axons = perineurium

gross nerve = epineurium

24
Q

gray matter

arrangement

A

cerebral cortex & cerebellar cortex: sheet of cell bodies + neuroglia

nuclei: collections/clusters of cell bodies + neuroglia in CNS

25
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons and neuroglia in CNS

contain tracts, fasiculi, commissure, funiculi

26
Q

PNS

consists of

A

nerves (bundles of axons + neuroglia)
plexuses: (network of nerves)
ganglia: (collections of cell bodies + ganglia in PNS)

27
Q

voluntary/somatic system

A

control skeletal muscle and movement

28
Q

involuntary/autonomic system

A

divisions:
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

29
Q

sympathetic

A

thoracolumbar

flight/fight/fright

ganglia: sympathetic trunk/chain, visceral

30
Q

parasympathetic

A

craniosacral

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands of head/thoracic/abdominal/pelvic viscera

maintain homestasis

ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic

31
Q

enteric

A

peristalsis, gland secretions, blood flow thru GI tract

cells embedded w/i wall of GI

32
Q

chemical synapses

have

A

presynaptic membrane, synaptic vesicles
presynaptic density (active site)>

synaptic cleft >

postsynaptic membrane w/ neurotransmitter receptors, postsynaptic density, ligand gated sodium channel

associated with neurotransmitters

33
Q

choroid plexus

consists of

A

in folds of pia mater and brain vetricles
fenestrated capillaries aka leaky
covered by ependymal cells w/ ZO’s

34
Q

choroid plexus

forms

A

makes CSF
transported from subarachnoid space to SSS via arachnoid villi>granulations

superior sagittal sinus

35
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

anterograde: away from cell body via kinesin
OR
retrograde: toward cell body via dynein

36
Q

anterograde systems

A
  1. slow transport: uses tubulin, actin, neurofilament proteins, enzymes
  2. fast transport: uses ATP, organelles, vesicles, neurotransmitters, calcium
37
Q

retrograde transport system

A

fast only- uses ATP, SER, vesicles, mitochondria, amino acid sugards, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, Ca2+

viruses and toxins too

38
Q

astrocytoma

A

fibrous
make up 80% primary brain tumors in adults

39
Q

ependymoma

A

tumor growing into fourth ventricle
that compreses surrounding structures
5% of primary brain tumors

40
Q

myelin

A

has lipoprotein

formed by concentric layers of cell membranes w/ high lipid content

inc impulse conduction and insulate neuron

41
Q

synapse

definition

A

junction b/t
presynaptic AKA neuron
postsynaptic AKA another neuron, muscle cell, gland cell

42
Q

types of synapses

A

axodendritic: most common, axon >dendrite
axosomatic: axon>soma
axoaxonic: axon>axon

43
Q

electrical synapses

A

not common in mammals
impulse transmission is rapid
@cerebral cortex, brainstem, retina

44
Q

fusion methods

vesicle and presynaptic membrane

A

kiss and run
collapse: empty entire contents

45
Q

nerve regeneration

PNS-anterograde changes

A

-distal to injury
-axonal degradation and elimination of debris by phagocytic cells
-schwann cells proliferate w/ external lamina =empty guiding tubes/tunnels

46
Q

nerve regeneration

PNS, retrograde changes

A

-proximal to injury
-chromatolysis: cell body hypertrophies/swells, nissl bodies disperse, nucleus moves periphery
-axon grows sprouts that are guided by schwann cells thru tube
-sprouts become endoneurium except first one to reach target cell = synapse

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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