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Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

eyelid

function

A

protect eyeball, maintain moisture

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2
Q

eyelid structure

A

thin skine externally
+ palpebral conjunctiva internal
+ tarsal plates “skeleton”

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3
Q

eyelid glands

A
  1. sebaceous of eyelashes (Zeis), bacterial infections = styes
  2. apocrine of eyelashes (Moll), modified sweat glands
  3. tarsal (Meibomian), sebaceous glands w/i tarsal plates>secretions slow evap of tears> open onto edge of eyelid
    -Chalazion = inflammation of tarsal glands
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4
Q

conjunctiva

function

A

maintain moisture, lubricate outside of eye so no pain when blinking

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5
Q

conjunctiva structure

A

two parts:
1. bulbar (cover sclera)
2. palpebral (cover inside eyelid)

stratified columnar w/ goblet cells to lubricate/protect anterior eye&raquo_space; stratified squamous @corneoscleral limbus

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6
Q

lacrimal apparatus function

A

maintain moisture, remove foreign materials via tears

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7
Q

lacrimal gland

A

compound tubuloacinar shape

secretes lacrimal fluid aka tears
-sterile (mostly water) + lysozyme

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8
Q

lacrimal fluid flow

A

lateral > medial
1. lacrimal gland
2. lacrimal duct
3. lacrimal canaliculi (strat squamous)
4. lacrimal sac (pseudostrat ciliated)
5. nasal cavity (pseudostrat ciliated)

pseduostratified ciliated columnar = respiratory epithelium

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9
Q

chambers/segments of eye

A
  1. anterior segment @ant to lens w/ aqueous humor
    - anterior chamber (cornea>iris)
    - posterior chamber (iris>lens)
  2. posterior segment @post to lens w/ vitreous humor
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10
Q

parts of anterior segment

A
  1. ciliary body
  2. iris
  3. pupil
  4. cornea
  5. sclera
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11
Q

parts of posterior segment

A
  1. choroid
  2. retina
  3. vitreous body (transparent gel 99% water)
  4. sclera

other 1% = collagen, hyaluronic acid, hyaloctyes, macrophages

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12
Q

eye development

neuroectoderm

A
  1. optic vesicle
  2. optic cup
  3. inner and outer layer
    -inner = neural retina
    -outer = retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
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13
Q

eye development

surface ectoderm

A
  1. surface ectoderm
  2. lens placode and corneal epithelium
    -lens placode >lens vesicle> lens
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14
Q

lens structure

A
  1. lens capsule- basal lamina of subcap
  2. subcapsular epithelium- simple cuboidal, only on anterior lens
  3. lens fibers- mature fibers w/o nuclei + acquire crystallins to inc refractory index
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15
Q

layers of eye

general - 3

A
  1. fibrous (sclera + cornea)
  2. vascular (iris + ciliary body + choroid)
  3. retina (RPE + neural retina)
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16
Q

sclera

A

@fibrous layer, posterior 5/6 eye

mostly collagen + elastic fibers

all extraocular muscles insert

will continue to cornea @corneoscleral limbus

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17
Q

cornea

A

anterior 1/6th eyeball

transparent and avascular
highly innervated
provides most refraction of light

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18
Q

corneoscleral limbus structure

A

trabecular meshwork (drain aq humor from ant chamber) aka spaces of fontana >combine to form scleral venous sinus aka canal of schlemm

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19
Q

flow of aqueous humor

A
  1. produced by ciliary epithelium
  2. secreted to post chamber
  3. flow into ant chamber thru pupil
  4. drain thru trabecular meshwork
  5. drain in scleral venous sinus
  6. drain to scleral veins
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20
Q

cornea layers

A
  1. epithelium
  2. bowman’s membrane
  3. stroma
  4. pre-descemet
  5. descemet membrane
  6. endothelium
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21
Q

epithelium of cornea

A

strat squamous non keratin, has surface cells w/ microvilli, richly inn, replaced every 7 days

layer 1/6

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22
Q

bowman’s membrane

cornea

A

acellular/no regen, ends @ corneoscleral limbus, strengthens cornea + barrier to infectin

layer 2/6

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23
Q

stroma

cornea

A

aka substantia propria, 90% of corneal thickness, orthogonal lamellae of collagen fibrils = transparency maintain

layer 3/6

24
Q

pre-descemet layer

cornea

A

protect cornea from damage, rupture = aq fluid leaking into cornea

layer 4/6

25
Q

descemet membrane

A

basal lamina of corneal endothelium, helps maintain curvature
-secreted/maintained by corneal endothelial cells

will thicken with age

layer 5/6

26
Q

endothelium

cornea

A

simple squamous

resp for metabolic exchanges of cornea + removes xs fluid from stroma

layer 6/6

27
Q

iris

vascular layer

A

contractile diaphragm w/ central aperture (pupil) ant to lens via sphincter and dilator pupilae

reg amount of light passing into eye

28
Q

pupillae muscles

iris

A
  1. sphincter = constricts pupil via parasymp inn, in bright light
  2. dilator = dilates pupil via symp inn, in dim light
29
Q

layers of iris

A
  1. stroma= vascular, loose CT, melanocytes (eye color) + sphincter pupillae
  2. pigment epithelium/PE = 2 rows of cuboidal cells (ant row is myoepithelium/basal row of dilater pupillae)
30
Q

ciliary body

A

ciliary muscle + ciliary processes

muscle = sphincter muscle w/ parasymp inn, does accomodation

processes= zonular fibers/suspensory ligs, lined w/ ciliary epithelium that secretes zonular fibers + aq humor

31
Q

accomodation

A

contract ciliary muscle = relax suspensory lig > lens to round for near vision

relax ciliary muscle = tension on suspensory lig > flatten lens for far vision

32
Q

ciliary epithelium

of ciliary body

A

double layer of cuboidal cells but only outer is pigmented

continuous w/ pigment epithelium of iris and nonphotosensitive retina

33
Q

choroid

A

@ b/t retina and sclera

heavily pigments and vascularized

layers:
1. choriocapillary = vascular layer for blood to outer layers of retina
2. bruch’s membrane = fimly attach to RPE of retina

34
Q

retina layers

A
  1. outer = RPE
  2. inner = neural/retina proper w/ photosensitive cells + neurons
35
Q

retina regions

A
  1. anterior = nonphotosensitive
  2. posterior = photosensitive

divided by ora serrata (marks ant extent of visual retina and choroid)

36
Q

fovea centralis

retina

A

area of highest visual activity bc highest density of cones NO RODS
-conducting and association neurons deflected =maximal light penetration

surrounded by macula lutea (yellow color, ganglion cell layer thickest)

37
Q

optic disc

A

where optic nerve pierces retina

no photorecptors so blind spot

central artery/vein enter then travels w/ nerve fiber layer for inner layers of retina

38
Q

age related macular degeneration

A

loss of photoreception in macula lutea = loss of central vision, peripheral vision unaffected

dry AMD = most common, drusen disrupts retina OR wet AMD = neovascularization

39
Q

light pathway

general

A

light thru all 10 layers (photosens in outer + optic nerve fibers in inner) to reach rods/cones

nerve impulse passed back thru layers to optic nerve fibers in inner lyaer

40
Q

neural retina cell types

A
  1. association neurons = horizontal + amacrine
  2. conducting = bipolar + ganglion
  3. supporting = muller’s cells
  4. photosensitive cells = rods and cones
41
Q

association neurons

A

reg neural impulses aka quality control via filtering, facilitate impulses b/t cell layers

horizontal and amacrine

42
Q

conducting neurons

A

transmission of visual impulses toward brain

bipolar and ganglion (multipolar)

43
Q

supporting cells

A

provide structural and physiological support

muller cells- cytoplasm spans thickenss of entire neural retina layers

44
Q

photosensitive cells

A

react w/ light

rods and cones

45
Q

10 layers of retina

A
  1. RPE
  2. rods and cones
  3. outer limiting membrane
  4. outer nuclear layer
  5. outer plexiform layr
  6. inner nuclear layer
  7. inner plexiform layer
  8. ganglion cell layer
  9. optic nerve fibers
  10. inner limiting membrane
46
Q

RPE

A

-single layer cuboidal cells w/ microvilli that surround rods/cones + have melanin granules

-melanin absorbs light, prevents reflection
-maintain blood-retina barrier
-phagocytosis and disposal of shed discs
-store/supply vitamin A

retinal detachment b/t microvilli and R/C bc not solid

47
Q

rod and cone structure

A
  1. inner segment = metabolic machinery
  2. outer segment = site of photosensitivty, numerous rods + some cones
48
Q

retinal detachment

A

b/t RPE and layer of rods/cones

RPE strongly attach to bruch membrane and choroid but not to neural retina bc of development layers

from trauma or disease, treat w/ surgery if not then blindness

49
Q

rods

A

most numerous and sens to light
-rhodopsin pigment reacts w/ light and dep on vitamin A

black and white vision

discs are sep from plasma membrane

50
Q

cones

A

less numerous than rods except in fovea, discs connect to plasma membrane

3 types:
1. red (long wavelengths)
2. green (medium)
3. blue (short)

photopsin pigment reacts w/ light

51
Q

color blindness

A

red-green confusion from
1. deuteranopia (loss M/green cones) OR
2. protanopia (loss L/red cones)
-both sex linked X chromo

blue-yellow confusion from tritanopia (loss S/blue cones) autosomal chromo 7

52
Q

limiting membranes

retina layers

A

layer #3 = outer, not true membrane, apical boundary of muller cells

layer #10 = inner, basal lamina of muller cells, sep retina from vitreous body

53
Q

nuclear layers

retina layers

A

4 = outer, nuclei of photosensitive cells aka rods/cones

#6 = inner, everything else (horizontal, amacrine, bipolar, muller)
#8 = ganglion cells, nuclei of ganglion cells (form optic nerve), absent in fovea centralis

54
Q

plexiform layers

A

5 = outer, proceses of photosensitive + bipolar + horizontal cells

55
Q

visual processing

A
  1. rods/cones react to light
  2. pass info to bipolar cells
  3. horizontal cells inhibit bad data
  4. bipolar pass info to ganglion cells
  5. amacrine cells inhibit bad data
  6. central processes of ganglion form optic nerve to transmit visual info to brain
    - muller cells provide structure/metabolic support for other retinal cells, form inner and outer limiting membranes

Fall-Foundational Sciences Year 1 (33 decks)

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