ventilation operations Flashcards
1
Q
- of all the task that a truck company is responsible for ____ is typically considered the most critical
A
ventilation (7)
2
Q
- there are various ways to remove smoke from a building which can be divided into 2 basic categories what are they
A
horizontal and vertical ventilation (7)
3
Q
- __ ___ knowledge is the core of successful truck company operations and a firm understanding of it is mandatory
A
building construction (9)
4
Q
- type I construction is
A
fire resistive (10)
5
Q
- ___ ___ building construction is defined as building whose structural members including walls, columns, beams floors and roofs are made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials usually reinforced concrete and or steel
A
type I construction (10)
6
Q
- ___ beam construction is one type of construction used in creating a fire resistive building as it is a highly versatile material with equal strength in compression and tension
A
metal (10)
7
Q
- since steel is not __ __ it is usually coated with a sprayed on fire retardant material. the steel skeleton of these buildings is then finished with an exterior of concrete masonry, glass, or similar materials
A
fire resistant (10)
8
Q
- the hazarders associated with type___ construction are vertical extension of and smoke, falling panels of glass or building materials, and steel susceptibility to fire
A
I (10)
9
Q
- concrete is inherently noncombustible with good thermal insulation properties. the main issue with concrete is that although it has high compression strength it is very weak in __ strength and has poor shear resistance
A
tensile (10)
10
Q
- to compensate for the tensile weakness concrete is reinforced with __ to create a composite material. the concrete provides the compressive strength while the ___ provides the tensile strength
A
steel (10)
11
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
bearing walls, columns and beams are required to have a fire resistance rating of __ -__ hours
A
3 to 4 (11)
12
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
___ construction is required to have a fire resistance rating of 2-3 hours
A
floor (11)
13
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
__ construction is required to have a fire resistance rating of 1-2 hours
A
roof (11)
14
Q
- building code may permit roofs to be unprotected noncombustible if they are a certain
A
height above the floor (11)
15
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
partitions that separate occupancies or tenants may also be required to have a fire resistance rating of typically
A
1 -2 hours (11)
16
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
interior ______ enclosing stairwells and corridors will also be required to have fire resistance ratings
A
partitions (11)
17
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: that most of these buildings are high rises, hospitals and jails presenting a significant ___ threat
A
life (11)
18
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: ____ and ____ issues as fire crews compete with occupants for the hallways, stairwells and elevators
A
access and egress (11)
19
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include:_____ on the fire floor may be delayed and difficult
A
ventilation (11)
20
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: ___ ___ may be an issue as standpipes may be damaged, tampered or inadequately supplied
A
water supply (11)
21
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: significant __ __ due to the contents contained within the structure
A
fire load (11)
22
Q
- type II construction
A
noncombustible (12)
23
Q
- type II is similar to type I fire resistive except that the degree if fire resistance is ___
A
lower (12)
24
Q
- the steel used in type __ may protected or unprotected
A
II (12)
25
Q
- in type II materials with __ fire resistance rating such as untreated wood may be used in limited quantities
A
no (12)
26
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: the ___ of the building
A
contents (12)
27
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: structural components susceptibility to failure due to ___ ___ from a fire
A
high (12)
28
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: combustible materials on the ___ can cause the entire ___ to become involved in fire
A
roof (12)
29
Q
- tactical considerations should be given to cooling the exposed or impinged upon __ members as soon as possible to avoid structural collapse
A
steel (12)
30
Q
- factors affecting structural collapse in type II construction include what
A
ceiling height
dimension of unprotected members
intensity and duration of exposure (12)
31
Q
- ___ ___ are found in both type I and type II construction and is a term used to describe a building façade, which does not carry any load from the building other than its own weight; they transfer horizontal loads that are placed on the building to the main structure through connections at the floors and columns
A
curtain wall (12)
32
Q
- ff should be aware that curtain walls may create a __ space that will allow the fire to be transmitted vertically to another floor
A
void (12)
33
Q
- type II construction
A
ordinary (13)
34
Q
- ___ is defined as a structure whose exterior walls and structural members are mad of noncombustible or limited combustible materials
A
type III ordinary (13)
35
Q
- these buildings are usually constructed with exterior walls of masonry, however from a technical standpoint, any noncombustible material with the required fire resistance could be used.
A
type III ordinary (13)
36
Q
- the interior structural members of type III including walls, columns, beams floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood or combustible material. the fire resistance rating on interior bearing walls, columns, beams, girder, floor and roof construction will vary from ___ to ___ hour
A
0-1 (13)
37
Q
- ___ __ - ___ are some of the most recognizable examples of ordinary or type III construction
A
concrete tilt-up (13)
38
Q
- ___ - ___ ___ ___ is concrete molded at the location in which it is expected to remain
A
cast in place concrete (13)
39
Q
- __-__ __ this concrete type has been cast at a location other than the place where it is to remain. the pre-casting may be done at the construction site, at a plant miles away, examples include block and brick as well as parking garage structures and drainage lines
A
pre cast concrete (13)
40
Q
- __________ these are strengthening processes by which steel tendons or rods are placed under tension, drawing the anchors together. by tensioning the steel it places the concrete in compression thereby increasing its tensile strength
A
pre-tension and posttension concrete (13)
41
Q
- ____ this a process for casting or pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish. this technique avoids the problem of joining new concrete to concrete already poured, known as cold joint
A
continuous casting (13)
42
Q
- ____ this technique entails pouring concrete continuously as forms move upward so that continuous casting may be accomplished
A
continuous slip forming (13)
43
Q
- ___ __ a method where all the concrete in a building is properly bonded together the resultant structure can be likened to one piece of stone
A
monolithic construction (13)
44
Q
- a ___ is a beam projected from a substantial distance beyond the point of support and are often found on apartment buildings for elevated walkways or balconies
A
cantilevers (14)
45
Q
- _______ are an architectural detail added to a building to serve 2 main purposes: creates more curb appeal and provides weather protection for customers
A
mansards (14)
46
Q
- incident commanders should mae it a priority to have ___ companies check the conditions inside the mansard early.
A
truck (15)
47
Q
- if heavy fire is located within the mansard the ic may want to consider
A
defensive ooperations (15)
48
Q
- type IV construction
A
heavy timber (16)
49
Q
- in type ___ construction, the beams columns, floors and roofs are made of solid or laminated wood with dimensional lumber greater than type III and void spaces between structural members are not permitted
A
IV (16)
50
Q
- due to the dimensional lumber, the primary fire hazard of type IV construction is the massive amount of
A
fuel (16)
51
Q
- type V construction
A
lightweight (17)
52
Q
- type ___ construction is also known as lightweight or wood frame construction.
A
V (17)
53
Q
- in conventional construction the members relied on their size for strength. in ___ construction the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total sum of the other members, if one member fails they all fail
A
lightweight (17)
54
Q
- with few exceptions 2x3” and 2x4” are the standard for lightweight construction whereas conventional construction will utilize a minimum of ___ “ construction
A
2x6 (18)
55
Q
- type V construction general consists of 2 major types of framing
A
platform and balloon (20)
56
Q
- ____ construction is when a building is built one floor at a time
A
platform (20)
57
Q
- one benefit of platform construction is that it prevents vertical fire spread through ___ spaces created in the walls, whereas balloon framing does not
A
void (20)
58
Q
- ___ framing is when the studs run 2 or more stories high without a fire stop
A
balloon (20)
59
Q
- __ ___ __ consist of an insulating foam core sandwiched between 2 sheets of OSB
A
structural insulated panels (21)
60
Q
- veneers are a ___ of masonry attached to the outside of a building, but not carrying any load other that its own weight. or a single width masonry wall, a minimum of 2 inches thick
A
Wythe (21)
61
Q
- a brick veneer can often be identified by its lack of a __ row which is placed every 5 to 7 rows
A
header (21)
62
Q
traditionally, buildings made of brick offered both structural integrity and prevented vertical extension through the wall by the alternating pattern in which the bricks are laid. this is not the case with todays veneers as they offer no structural support and provide a ___ space behind the wythe
A
void (22)
63
Q
- the ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally sound is dependent on the following 3 factors
A
type of construction how long the fire has been burning fire intensity (24)
64
Q
- the following are characteristics of what type of construction: the structure will not contribute to fire and load bearing members are protected and fires will likely involve only the contents
A
type I fire resistive (24)
65
Q
- the following are characteristics of what type of construction: structure will not contribute fuel to fire, unprotected steel columns, steel bar joist trusses are common
A
type II non combustible (24)
66
Q
- the following are characteristics of what type of construction: exterior walls will not contribute fuel to fire, fire load varies by occupancy, tilt up panelized f=roof system is common example
A
type III (24)
67
Q
- the following are characteristics of what type of construction: exterior walls will not contribute fuel, interior load bearing members will contribute fuel
A
type IV (24)
68
Q
- the following are characteristics of what type of construction: entire structure can contribute to fire, if not conventional expect lightweight floor and roof systems, offensive exterior attack can be a safer tactic if structural integrity is questionable
A
type V (24)
69
Q
- the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: typically multi story structures, access/egress issues, difficult to ventilate.\, large open areas = large fire load
A
type I (24)
70
Q
- the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: unprotected load bearing structural members and heavy fire load result in early collapse, high rack storage
A
type II (24)
71
Q
- the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: how walls are tied to interior of unreinforced masonry is critical, interior partitions are fuel, less mass = less time, lightweight floor and roof systems
A
type III (24)
72
Q
- the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: more mass = more time, but scrutinize connections, multiple interconnected voids, suspended loads
A
type IV (24)
73
Q
the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: less mass = less time, open stairwells and large open attics contribute to rapid fire growth, lightweight floor systems can create horizontal spread
A
type V (24)
74
Q
- ____ trusses are constructed of wood, steel, or a combination of both with the structural members consisting of a series of triangles in a single plane
A
lightweight (25)
75
Q
- the top cord of a truss is under ___
A
compression (25)
76
Q
- the bottom cord of a truss is under ___
A
tension (25)
77
Q
- due to the multiples forces at work in these systems, consider the strong area of truss construction to be where the trusses cross or
A
terminate on the outside bearing walls (25)
78
Q
- though most trusses perform the same a truss that is ___ out performs in reverse beyond the point of support the tension is in the top cord and compression in the bottom cord
A
cantilevered (25)
79
Q
- the pitch is determined by the ___ in inches over a __ or distance from a wall
A
rise, run (26)
80
Q
- roofs that have a pitch greater than 6:12 may require the use of a __ __ to provide additional footing when vertically ventilating
A
roof ladder (26)
81
Q
- ___ are probably the most common pitched roof found in the las vegas valley
A
gable (27)
82
Q
- a ___ roof is formed by 2 inclined roof surfaces meeting at a high point forming a ridge and can be found in conventional or lightweight construction
A
gable (27)
83
Q
- while conventional methods of construction rely on the size of the members to support the load, lightweight trusses rely on the combined strengths of all ___ to support the same load
A
trusses (27)
84
Q
- the strong areas of gable roofs are the ___ and the areas where the rafter cross the outside walls
A
ridge (28)
85
Q
- __ type trusses are the most common truss used in residential construction as they allow for vaulted ceilings and large expanses
A
scissors (28)
86
Q
- what is the weakest link of the truss
A
gusset plate (28)
87
Q
- ___ this type of roof is commonly use in conjunction with gable roofs and there is no a frame configuration
A
hip (29)
88
Q
- ff working on a roof must know that the strongest parts of the a hip roof are the
A
ridges valleys and outside wall (29)
89
Q
- truss ___ may be placed between the truss members to provide for truss stabilization
A
blocking (29)
90
Q
- flat roofs fall into 3 categories what are they
A
rafters, trussed and panelized (31)
91
Q
- Trussed flat roofs are divided into what 3 categories
A
open web truss system
wood bar joist systems
wood i joist systems (32)
92
Q
- ____ are common lightweight option for contractors to consider when building a flat roof in the las vegas area. they may be installed where the top chord is attached to the wall and the bottom cord is left unsupported hanging free
A
open web trusses (32)
93
Q
- open web truss roofs are commonly constructed with 2x4 top chord bottom chord and web members and typically spaced 24” apart. a common failure point in these trusses is the
A
connection point (32)
94
Q
- ____ are trusses constructed with a parallel top and bottom chord of wood with tubular steel webbing placed in the middle. the steel web members are prefabricated into 1-2” cold rolled steel tubing with the ends pressed flat and holes punched through the ends
A
wood bar joist systems (33)
95
Q
- wood bar joist roofs are commonly constructed with trusses __ inches apart
A
24 (33)
96
Q
- _____ commonly referred to truss joist beams are being used as roof joist and floor joist and are constructed with parallel running top and bottom chords of 2x4 and a piece of 1/2” plywood or osb standing vertical between the top and bottom chords
A
wood i joist systems (34)
97
Q
- in wood I joist systems the top cord is under load which offers a bridging effect causing the top cord to be in compression and the bottom chord member to be in ___
A
tension (34)
98
Q
- wood I joist will fail within __ minutes after coming in contact with direct flame
A
6 (34)
99
Q
- these roofs are generally constructed on wood, masonry or concrete slab tilt up buildings. it is used when large unobstructed open spaces are needed such as gyms, grocery stores or warehouses
A
panelized flat roofs (35)
100
Q
102. these roofs are uniquely made of 4 components: beams (laminated or steel) purlins (laminated, steel or truss) rafters (2x4 wood) decking (1/2 in. plywood or OSB)
A
panelized flat roofs (35)
101
Q
- panelized roof beams may be supported by 4” hollow ___ post. the danger of these post is that they can become weakened and fail causing large portions of the roof to collapse
A
steel (35)
102
Q
- Arched roof, commonly referred to as ___ roof is considered one of the most dangerous roof systems that ff will encounter
A
bowstring (37)
103
Q
- when smoke is larger than the fire ___ operations are generally considered safe
A
offensive (38)
104
Q
- if the fire is larger that n the smoke it is time to strongly consider ___ operations
A
defensive (39)
105
Q
- what are the 2 basic categories of arched roofs
A
trussed arch roofs
tied arched roofs (39)
106
Q
- ____ are a webbed truss system which includes a bottom chord, web member and an arched top chord
A
trussed arched roofs (40)
107
Q
- trussed arch roofs are constructed with large ___ ___ that distribute the load throughout the truss
A
web members (40)
108
Q
- the strength of a arched roof is dependent on the ___ or the lumber utilized and the span of the trusses
A
size (41)
109
Q
- _____ are constructed using an arched top chord, contain no web members and include a metal tie rod and turnbuckle that tie the two ends of the arched top chord together
A
tied arched roofs (42)
110
Q
- ______ are identified by the steel cable that ties the ends of the arch together. these tie rods are usually 5/8” in diameter and may or may not pass through the exterior walls
A
tie arched roofs (44)
111
Q
- in tied arched roofs ___ are used below each arch member to ensure the proper tension is maintained on the tie rod
A
turnbuckle (44)
112
Q
- in tied arched roofs the tie rods which are under tension provide ___ support for the exterior walls and prevent the arches, which are in compression from pushing the exterior walls outward and collapsing the building
A
lateral (44)
113
Q
- straight sheathing was utilized prior to 1933 and diagonal sheathing was used after 1933. the importance of knowing pre 1933 construction is that straight sheathing is prone to ______
A
early collapse (44)
114
Q
- the hazards of a tied arch truss roof lay in the early failure of the ___ and ___
A
metal tie rods and turnbuckles (44)
115
Q
- the greatest hazard with ____ roofs is that when the metal tie rods, anchor points or turnbuckles are heated to their failure point the walls can suddenly kick out and cause a catastrophic collapse of the roof and walls
A
tie arched (44)
116
Q
tie arch roofs gain their strength from the steel __ and connecting points. interior crews must inform the roof crew if the arch is a tied arch
A
turnbuckle (44)
117
Q
- roof ___ is the first layer of the roof installed over the joist or rafters. plywood construction is used
A
sheathing (47)
118
Q
- the advantages of ___ are that they are not engineered with glues and resin, so they typically last longer under fire conditions
A
planking (48)
119
Q
- the layer after the sheathing and is the underlayment for many types of roof coverings
A
felt (48)
120
Q
- the strongest points on tile roofs are the
A
ridges and valleys (50)
121
Q
- ____ is an insulated board made of particle board with insulation built into it. it is available in several thicknesses, found on commercial buildings and is not uncommon to encounter 6” thick material
A
celtox (51)
122
Q
- _____ is a very common material applied over the plywood/osb decking of a flat roof on commercial buildings, membranes are glued in place and sometimes heated with a torch to ensure a quality seal
A
rubberized membrane (52)
123
Q
- ____ has excellent insulating properties making it a great roofing material. generally tar is placed over the decking material and then the foam is applied over the top
A
spray foam (54)
124
Q
- ______ and ___ are designed to remain freestanding even if the adjacent structure collapses, to withstand expansion of the adjacent structure that accompanies the heat generated by fire, they are usually thicker than walls that are not intended to stop fire
A
firewall and standard firewall (55)
125
Q
- _____ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings. it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating
A
standard firewall (55)
126
Q
- the standard firewall is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after
A
ff efforts and sprinklers have failed (55)
127
Q
- standard firewalls must extend vertically and continuously through all stories of the building and through the roof to form at least a ___ foot parapet over the highest point in the roof or of any structure within 25 feet of the firewall
A
3 feet (55)
128
Q
standard firewalls must a 3-6 foot long __ a 30’ long end wall or a 3’ long extension wall as needed.
A
wing wall (55)
129
Q
- this type of firewall has no ties to the building other than flashing at the roof as required to prevent moisture intrusion into the building. this type of wall can be constructed of brick concrete or concrete masonry units and is usually located at a building expansion joint
A
freestanding firewall (56)
130
Q
- typically a freestanding wall is strengthened internally with reinforcement or ____ may be used to provide the required strength
A
pilasters (56)
131
Q
- this type of firewall consists of masonry or other rated construction materials that either encases or is tied to the structural framing. these types of walls are integral with and therefore supported by the structural framework
A
tied firewalls (56)
132
Q
- this type of wall includes 2 one way rated fire walls which have exposed structural framing on one side. the one way walls are placed back to back with a minimum of 7” separation between them and are most commonly built when a firewall is required to separate an existing structure from a new building
A
double one way fire walls (56)
133
Q
- with double one way fire walls each wall must have a minimum fire resistance rating of __ hours
A
3 (56)
134
Q
- ____ typically have lower fire resistance rating than firewall; however they must also be designed and constructed according to specifications established by nationally recognized laboratories.
A
fire barriers (56)
135
Q
- fire barriers are typically used to subdivide ___ and can be attached to or supported by structural members
A
floors (56)
136
Q
- fire barriers which are typically rated for 2 to 3 hours fire resistance are usually ____ walls that extend from the floor to floor or floor to roof
A
non load bearing (56)
137
Q
- ____ restrict the initial flow of heat within the area of origin and thereby help limit the actuation of sprinklers outside the fire zone
A
fire barriers (56)
138
Q
- a fire barrier helps to supplement the ___ system
A
sprinkler (56)
139
Q
- ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, they extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of less fire resistive materials than fire barriers
A
partitions (57)
140
Q
- ___ typically only have a 1 - 2 hour fire resistance rating
A
fire partition (57)
141
Q
- a fire resistant, rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow the collapse of the existing construction on either side of the wall to occur without allowing collapse of the wall
A
firewall (58)
142
Q
- firewalls are necessary for what 2 primary reasons
A
contain fires and subsequently limit property damage
protect the building occupants (59
143
Q
- a fire wall is primarily categorized by how well and how long it is able to
A
withstand fire (59)
144
Q
- a ___ is designed to remain freestanding even if the adjacent structure collapses, to withstand the expansion of the adjacent structure that accompanies the heat generated by a fire
A
fire wall (60)
145
Q
- firewalls are usually thicker than walls that are intended to act as fire stops only. if a firewall is of considerable height and length, __ or ___ may be required to provide adequate lateral stability
A
buttresses or pilasters (60)
146
Q
- fire stops, fire barriers and fire partitions can be used to subdivide portions of the building contained by a __
A
firewall (61)
147
Q
- a ___ __ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings, it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating. the standard firewall is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after ff efforts have failed
A
standard firewall (62)
148
Q
- __ walls or __ walls are blank masonry or concrete structures that prevent a fire from passing around or through the adjacent firewalls
A
end or wing (63)
149
Q
- a ___ is similar to a standard firewall, but has protected openings and can have up to a 3- 4 hour fire resistance rating
A
firewall (64)
150
Q
- typically a freestanding wall is strengthened internally with reinforcement or _____ may be used to provide the required strength
A
pilasters (64)
151
Q
- ___ are typically used to subdivide floors and can be attached to or supported by structural members, are typically rated for 2-3 hours fire resistance, non load bearing, and extend from the floor to floor or floor to roof
A
fire barriers (73)
152
Q
- ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of less fire-resistive materials than fire barriers
A
fire partitions (75)
153
Q
- the biggest cause of firewall failure is unprotected or improperly protected ___
A
openings (doorways, conveyors and other similar penetrations (76)
154
Q
- turbine ventilators are referred to as roof turbines and are a form of ____ ventilation
A
mechanical (83)
155
Q
- when personnel encounter turbine ventilators they should be
A
left in place (83)
156
Q
- should powered roof vents be removed if vertical ventilation is required
A
yes (84)
157
Q
- ___ vents are located on a high portion of the wall near the peak under the eave.
A
gable (84)
158
Q
- __ vents are located under the eaves at the bottom of the attic space and provide a an opening from the outside to the attic space
A
eave (84)
159
Q
- ____ vents are placed on the ridge of the roof, with truss construction these vents will be placed between the trusses and should be removal should be considered when vertical ventilation is required
A
ridge (85)
160
Q
- ___ these vents are placed on the roof as either an intake or exhaust vent, they may be removed if vertical ventilation needed, when these vents are located near the ridge they are exhaust and when they are located near the eaves they are intake
A
dormer (85)
161
Q
- on commercial occupancies the skylight serves two functions what are they
A
provide natural light
ventilation during normal operation and fire conditions (86)
162
Q
- truck companies are not repair personnel; we are there to investigate a possible source of smoke isolate ___ extinguish any active fire and check for extension
A
power (88)
163
Q
- a daily practice of ___ will reinforce the basic size up skills needed to become an efficient truck company
A
walking roofs (92)
164
Q
- a coordinated approach with all truck companies to complete this task will allow for the sharing of the information gained and develop ____ of the truck companies
A
esprit de corps (92)
165
Q
- a systematic ___ consistently applied to each building will allow a rapid accurate, ongoing assessment of the roof and fire conditions
A
size up (92)
166
Q
- ___ is a tool to aide you in the decision making process that should be performed automatically and should not delay roof operations
A
roof size up(92)
167
Q
- in a roof size up all 8 items will be considered only the ___ will be reported
A
pertinent negatives(92)
168
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
flat, pitched, arched
asphalt, metal, tile, wood shake
previous knowledge/preplan
A
type of roof (93)
169
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
is smoke visible from exhaust fans/vents or from the structure
are gable ends, eave vents, or attic vents showing smoke
are skylights venting
is smoke visible from multiple vents or ares
A
vents present and operating (93)
170
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
stable/unstable
is smoke light/passive or heavy pressurized
is roof on fire or is there flame in the convection column
is the decking or structural members on fire
is there a partial collapse
A
conditions of roof (93)
171
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
location of roof appliances
where are interior crews in relation
where to avoid positioning crews
is there a fire isolated to the roof appliance
A
concentrated loads (93)
172
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
are firewalls present
where to place trench operations
smoke showing from one area consider attic partitions
A
firewalls or partitions (93)
173
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
unusual layout
hazards exposures or add ons not visible to the ic
A
basic blue print (93)
174
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
nothing showing roof sound standing by for report from interior
cutting an inspection hole to determine construction type and involvement
cutting a heat hole/trench cut and additional resources
operation complete and exiting
hole complete, par in safe area, standing by waiting for report from interior
roof unsafe abandon the building
A
action being taken (94)
175
Q
- when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
lightweight or conventional
direction of trusses above the fire compartment
where should interior crews be position for trench cut coordination
A
truss type and direction (94)
176
Q
reporting the ___ will help paint the picture to command and other units as to the amount of attic space that could be concealing hidden fire, probable roofing material used, potential hazards of falling roof tiles and amount of time that will be needed to complete the vent holes
A
roof type (95)
177
Q
- reporting on presence of smoke coming from certain vents can assist the IC in developing an ___
A
IAP (96)
178
Q
- smoke conditions and reading smoke is paramount for the truck company officer and crew. the key is to identify ____ __ and ___
A
location, color and velocity (97)
179
Q
- pressurized smoke from all sides indicates a fully charged attic. this coupled with reported light smoke on the interior is a warning sign that the fire is most likely in the attic and ___ measures should be considered
A
defensive (97)
180
Q
- ___ is an indicator of what is burning
A
color of smoke (97)
181
Q
- ___ is characterized by thick black smoke that will violently flash at lower temperatures then previously found in flashovers
A
petro-chemical (97)
182
Q
- ___ is directly related to temperature, as smoke temperatures increase so does the pressure in the container, resulting in the boiling appearance of the smoke
A
velocity (97)
183
Q
- ___ or passive smoke usually indicates a smoldering slow moving fire wheras heavy pressurized smoke indicates a rapid burning fire
A
light (98)
184
Q
- knowing where firewalls are located will help determine where to deploy the ___ and also helps the ic in developing an IAP
A
aerial ladder (100)
185
Q
- ____ are made of sheet rock and do not extend completely through the roofing material
A
fire partitions (100)
186
Q
- if smoke and fire conditions warrant roof crews should quickly perform an inspection hole to determine the ___ and truss material used
A
decking (103)
187
Q
- identifying the ___ type will help the ic estimate the amount of time crews can safely operate under and on the roof
A
truss (103)
188
Q
- the truss __ is more important consideration when operating at commercial buildings. this may assist in determining what areas are under a common roof system on strip malls and how the building may collapse if one end of the truss fails
A
direction (103)
189
Q
- lightweight decking such as ___ is an excellent indicator that lightweight trusses or wooden I beams are present
A
OSB (103)
190
Q
- larger dimensional lumber such as 1x6 or 2x6 material used as roof sheathing indicates that the roof is ___ constructed with substantially larger rafters and will usually allow for more time before collapse
A
conventionally (103)
191
Q
- __ __ used as roof decking is a good indicator that open web bar joists are used as the truss system and these can fail quickly under high heat conditions
A
corrugated metal (103)
192
Q
- a basic rule is to place defensively and work
A
offensively (104)
193
Q
- when laddering the roof you should attempt to place ladders at the __ points of the structures which is close to a corner in most cases
A
strongest (105)
194
Q
- there should be a minimum of __ ladders in place whenever personnel are operating on the roof
A
2 (106)
195
Q
- ladders should be extended at least __ rungs above the roof line. this will help crew members locate the ladder for egress in smoky conditions
A
3 (106)
196
Q
- when it comes to the need for using a 35’ ladder the time needed to get to the roof becomes almost equal for the 35’ ladder and the ___
A
aerial device (107)
197
Q
- when climbing an extension ground ladder for roof operations it is recommended that no more than __ person be on each section of the ladder at a time
A
1 (108)
198
Q
- aerial ladders should position near the ____ of buildings to provide access to 2 sides of the buildings
A
corners (109)
199
Q
- sizing up roof and determining if it is safe is the responsibility of the ____ but the ultimately falls on the shoulders of the ___
A
entire crew
captain (112)
200
Q
- by having the captain to the roof first the ___ process can begin immediately to determine if roof operations are a go or no go
A
roof size up (112)
201
Q
- the second person on the roof should be the
A
lead saw (112)
202
Q
- after the crew gathers tools they will ___ prior to climbing the ladder
A
turn saws off (112)
203
Q
- the 3rd person on the roof is the
A
back up person (113)
204
Q
- upon accessing the roof the captain should sound an approximately __ area directly around the tip of the ladder to serve as a safe area for the remainder of his crew to stand upon accessing the roof
A
10 x 10 (114)
205
Q
- when operating on residential roofs the safest places to walk are usually over the ___. on pitched roof they are usually 2 feet in from the eaves. other safe areas include ridges peaks and valleys
A
exterior walls (115)
206
Q
- when operating on commercial roofs the safest areas to walk are usually over exterior walls. you can also look for signs of structural members such as __ or __which maybe visible
A
beams or purlins (115)
207
Q
- when working near the roof edge a__ is needed
A
back up person (115)
208
Q
- when the wind changes the smoke direction and impairs your ability to see stop operations and wait for the wind to shift again. the saw operators must let the saws return to idle and ___ when this brief pause in operation occurs
A
set the chain brake (116)
209
Q
- when starting your cut hold the saw with the bar at a ___ angle
A
45 degree (122)
210
Q
- the should be throttled up to ___ speed before the chain touches the deck
A
full (122)
211
Q
- as the chain makes its way through the decking material pivot the saw to a ___ angle. holding the bar perpendicular to the decking will provide for a better feel of the rafters
A
90 degree (122)
212
Q
- we only approx. ___ “ of the bar inserted into the roof material
A
3-4” (123)
213
Q
- the back up person should not hold too tightly as this can throw the saw operator off balance. your main function is to keep the saw operator from ____
A
stepping off the roof or into an unstable area (125)
214
Q
- what are the 2 speeds the saw runs at during cutting operations
A
full throttle
idle (126)
215
Q
- cut with the bar ___ to the decking material for maximum rafter feel. use 4 inches of the bar/chain when cutting; too deep will catch electrical conduit, piping and ac ducting
A
perpendicular (126)
216
Q
- stay 3-4” inside the rafters when making parallel cuts to avoid contacting ____
A
metal hangers (126)
217
Q
- for residential structures, we will primarily use either a __ or _ cut
A
one truss louver standard louver (128)
218
Q
- cuts sequences will generally be divided into 2 categories, what are they
A
cuts with construction
cuts against construction (128)
219
Q
- ventilation holes where the completed rectangle is make with the longest cuts running parallel with the rafters are considered cuts
A
with construction (128)
220
Q
- ventilation holes where the completed rectangle is made with the longest cuts running perpendicular to the rafters are considered cuts
A
against construction (128)
221
Q
- all of our cuts should focus on the ___ the cut section as a 1st option and then removing the cut section onto the roof as a second option
A
louvering (129)
222
Q
- for a residential structure ___ should be considered the minimum initial size hole. if after the initial hole is made there is thick pressurized smoke continuously boiling out then the hole needs to be bigger
A
4 x8 (129)
223
Q
- the vertical ventilation operation is not complete until ___ __ is achieved
A
effective ventilation (129)
224
Q
226. the purpose of an \_\_\_ \_\_\_ is to assist the roof crew in determining: type and direction of the rafters type of decking material fire conditions roof operations are a go or no go
A
inspection hole (130)
225
Q
- the ______ is a ventilation hole made parallel to or with construction. this hole can be used on a pitched or flat roof and is usually performed with one saw and is common for lightweight roofs
A
residential one truss (131)
226
Q
- the ___ is a ventilation hole made perpendicular to or against construction. this hole can be used on a pitched or flat roof and is usually performed with one saw is common for lightweight roofs
A
standard louver (132)
227
Q
- a____ is a technique used when the saw operator is unable to identify the location of the roof members or the roof members are running in multiple directions eliminating the option of a louver cut
A
skim cut (135)
228
Q
- this cut is used primarily on flat roofs that have multiple layers of roof coverings or roofs where thick foam is used, where the type of structural supports cannot be easily sounded or located
A
skim cuts (135)
229
Q
- the skim cut is a series of approx.. ___ cuts placed next to each other that when combined make an adequate sized vent opening
A
2 x 2 (135)
230
Q
- the main reason for locating the roof trusses are to determine where to start your initial cut and to know where to __ while performing vertical ventilation operations
A
stand (138)
231
Q
- for commercial structures we will primarily use either a commercial cut or a ___ cut
A
7’s (142)
232
Q
- in commercial building in order for a heat hole to be effective it will need to be opened quickly and will generally require __ saws operating simultaneously
A
2 (143)
233
Q
- for a commercial structure a ___ heat hole should be considered the minimum initial sized hole
A
8 x16’ (148)
234
Q
- a trench cut is a __ operation used primarily to control the spread of a fire.
A
defensive (151)
235
Q
- a trench cut should be thought of as a ___ a line in the sand where we have decided to make our stand to stop an advancing fire
A
firebreak (154)
236
Q
- a ___ operation consist of 2 elements: a roof division working above and a division/group operating on the interior below
A
trench (154)
237
Q
- the ___ is designed to stop the spread of fire even when sprinkler systems fail
A
firewall (156)
238
Q
- the following describes ______:
rating- 4 hour minimum with no openings
configuration - parapet extends above the roof with wing walls end walls or extensions
A
standard fire wall(156)
239
Q
- the following describes ______:
rating- 3-4 hour with protected openings
configuration - parapet extends above the roof with wing walls end walls or extensions
A
firewall (156)
240
Q
- the following describes ______:
rating- 2-3 hour with protected openings
configuration - wall extends from floor to beneath roof or floor deck above
A
fire barrier (156)
241
Q
- the following describes ______:
rating- 1 -2 hours with protected openings
configuration - wall extends from floor to ceiling
A
fire partition (156)
242
Q
- ___ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings. it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating and is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after ff efforts such as sprinklers have failed
A
standard fire wall (157)
243
Q
- ___ are typically used to subdivide floors and can be attached to or supported by structural members rated for 2-3 hour fire resistance usually non load bearing walls that extend from the floor to beneath the roof/deck or floor to floor, all supporting structures should be noncombustible
A
fire barriers (158)
244
Q
- fire barriers are most effective when ___ are provided and sprinklers are operable. a fire barrier helps to supplement the sprinkler system
A
smoke and heat vents are provided (158)
245
Q
- ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of fire resistive materials than fire barriers, typically only have 1 to 2 hours fire resistance
A
fire partitions (159)
246
Q
- when trench operations are started it is important that the cut sections not be _____ until a large majority of the trench cuts are completed and interior crews have a hose line in place and the ceiling pulled
A
louvered (167)
247
Q
249. the following should be included in \_\_\_: type of roof are smoke and heat vents present and operating conditions of roof concentrated loads firewalls or partitions if present basic blueprint if unusual action being taken truss type and direction
A
roof size up (172)
248
Q
- commercial structures will require an area approximately ___ for the safety zone
A
10 x 10 (177)
249
Q
- ___ are usually located near ladders but can be located on other areas of the roof such as the uninvolved side of a firewall an area away from heavy roof appliances or a safe area on an attached building
A
safety zones (177)
250
Q
secondary ladders should ideally be place on an __ side of the building from the primary ladder
A
opposite (178)
251
Q
planning for a fire should begin at the __ of the shift
A
beginning (180)
252
Q
- a beam anchored only at one end that projected out over the edge of the structure without any external bracing collapse
A
cantilever (184)
253
Q
- this is a useful technique to use when cutting plywood sheathing. center raftering provides for a large hole with a minimum of cuts that is relatively safe on all sides. sheathing removal requires a minimal effort. this technique is also used for strip ventilation on 1x6 sheathed roofs
A
center rafter (184)
254
Q
- a small space created when a flat roof is raised above the level of the flat beams/rafters to provide a pitch to drain rain. the space provided between the underside of a flat roof and the bottom of the ceiling joist. the ceiling joist may be a different structural member separate from the roof rafter
A
cockloft (184)
255
Q
257roofing material layer between the structural members and weathering proofing layer, usually plywood or osb material but can be corrugated metal
A
decking (184)
256
Q
- a technique of cutting sheathing with no concern to location of individual rafters or joist. this technique is used with roofs that are 1x6 solid, space or diagonally sheathed roofs
A
dicing (184)
257
Q
- offensive ventilation, a hole placed over the fire or as close to over the fire that will safety will allow. min. 4x4 hole, residential should be 4x8, commercial should be 8x16 and will increase ff visibility
A
heat hole (185)
258
Q
- a small triangular hole made with an axe or chain saw that indicates conditions of smoke or fire, these holes can be place along the path of access or egress every few yards
A
indicator hole (185)
259
Q
- a small triangle of composition removed from the roof covering only. completed to determine sheathing type and or truss/rafter direction
A
inspection hole (185)
260
Q
- usually a 2x4 laid flat between rafters or joist to provide a nailing surface for end edge of plywood sheathing. since plywood is used normally in 4x8 sheets and diaphragm nailed head block will usually be found every 4 feet
A
nailing blocks (185)
261
Q
- a small cut made in the roof covering only made with the tip of the chainsaw and used to mark the location of rafters
A
score cut (186)
262
Q
- lightweight structural member shaped like the letter I. composed of 2 horizontal components called flanges and a vertical component called a web used as a framing material primarily in floors but may also be used as roof rafters will fail quickly under fire conditions
A
wood I joist (186)
