ventilation operations Flashcards
1
Q
- of all the task that a truck company is responsible for ____ is typically considered the most critical
A
ventilation (7)
2
Q
- there are various ways to remove smoke from a building which can be divided into 2 basic categories what are they
A
horizontal and vertical ventilation (7)
3
Q
- __ ___ knowledge is the core of successful truck company operations and a firm understanding of it is mandatory
A
building construction (9)
4
Q
- type I construction is
A
fire resistive (10)
5
Q
- ___ ___ building construction is defined as building whose structural members including walls, columns, beams floors and roofs are made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials usually reinforced concrete and or steel
A
type I construction (10)
6
Q
- ___ beam construction is one type of construction used in creating a fire resistive building as it is a highly versatile material with equal strength in compression and tension
A
metal (10)
7
Q
- since steel is not __ __ it is usually coated with a sprayed on fire retardant material. the steel skeleton of these buildings is then finished with an exterior of concrete masonry, glass, or similar materials
A
fire resistant (10)
8
Q
- the hazarders associated with type___ construction are vertical extension of and smoke, falling panels of glass or building materials, and steel susceptibility to fire
A
I (10)
9
Q
- concrete is inherently noncombustible with good thermal insulation properties. the main issue with concrete is that although it has high compression strength it is very weak in __ strength and has poor shear resistance
A
tensile (10)
10
Q
- to compensate for the tensile weakness concrete is reinforced with __ to create a composite material. the concrete provides the compressive strength while the ___ provides the tensile strength
A
steel (10)
11
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
bearing walls, columns and beams are required to have a fire resistance rating of __ -__ hours
A
3 to 4 (11)
12
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
___ construction is required to have a fire resistance rating of 2-3 hours
A
floor (11)
13
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
__ construction is required to have a fire resistance rating of 1-2 hours
A
roof (11)
14
Q
- building code may permit roofs to be unprotected noncombustible if they are a certain
A
height above the floor (11)
15
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
partitions that separate occupancies or tenants may also be required to have a fire resistance rating of typically
A
1 -2 hours (11)
16
Q
- fire resistive requirements for type I construction are:
interior ______ enclosing stairwells and corridors will also be required to have fire resistance ratings
A
partitions (11)
17
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: that most of these buildings are high rises, hospitals and jails presenting a significant ___ threat
A
life (11)
18
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: ____ and ____ issues as fire crews compete with occupants for the hallways, stairwells and elevators
A
access and egress (11)
19
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include:_____ on the fire floor may be delayed and difficult
A
ventilation (11)
20
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: ___ ___ may be an issue as standpipes may be damaged, tampered or inadequately supplied
A
water supply (11)
21
Q
- the primary hazards associated with type I fire resistive buildings include: significant __ __ due to the contents contained within the structure
A
fire load (11)
22
Q
- type II construction
A
noncombustible (12)
23
Q
- type II is similar to type I fire resistive except that the degree if fire resistance is ___
A
lower (12)
24
Q
- the steel used in type __ may protected or unprotected
A
II (12)
25
25. in type II materials with __ fire resistance rating such as untreated wood may be used in limited quantities
no (12)
26
26. the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: the ___ of the building
contents (12)
27
27. the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: structural components susceptibility to failure due to ___ ___ from a fire
high (12)
28
28. the primary hazards associated with type II construction include: combustible materials on the ___ can cause the entire ___ to become involved in fire
roof (12)
29
29. tactical considerations should be given to cooling the exposed or impinged upon __ members as soon as possible to avoid structural collapse
steel (12)
30
30. factors affecting structural collapse in type II construction include what
ceiling height
dimension of unprotected members
intensity and duration of exposure (12)
31
31. ___ ___ are found in both type I and type II construction and is a term used to describe a building façade, which does not carry any load from the building other than its own weight; they transfer horizontal loads that are placed on the building to the main structure through connections at the floors and columns
curtain wall (12)
32
32. ff should be aware that curtain walls may create a __ space that will allow the fire to be transmitted vertically to another floor
void (12)
33
33. type II construction
ordinary (13)
34
34. ___ is defined as a structure whose exterior walls and structural members are mad of noncombustible or limited combustible materials
type III ordinary (13)
35
35. these buildings are usually constructed with exterior walls of masonry, however from a technical standpoint, any noncombustible material with the required fire resistance could be used.
type III ordinary (13)
36
36. the interior structural members of type III including walls, columns, beams floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood or combustible material. the fire resistance rating on interior bearing walls, columns, beams, girder, floor and roof construction will vary from ___ to ___ hour
0-1 (13)
37
37. ___ __ - ___ are some of the most recognizable examples of ordinary or type III construction
concrete tilt-up (13)
38
38. ___ - ___ ___ ___ is concrete molded at the location in which it is expected to remain
cast in place concrete (13)
39
39. __-__ __ this concrete type has been cast at a location other than the place where it is to remain. the pre-casting may be done at the construction site, at a plant miles away, examples include block and brick as well as parking garage structures and drainage lines
pre cast concrete (13)
40
40. __________ these are strengthening processes by which steel tendons or rods are placed under tension, drawing the anchors together. by tensioning the steel it places the concrete in compression thereby increasing its tensile strength
pre-tension and posttension concrete (13)
41
41. ____ this a process for casting or pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish. this technique avoids the problem of joining new concrete to concrete already poured, known as cold joint
continuous casting (13)
42
42. ____ this technique entails pouring concrete continuously as forms move upward so that continuous casting may be accomplished
continuous slip forming (13)
43
43. ___ __ a method where all the concrete in a building is properly bonded together the resultant structure can be likened to one piece of stone
monolithic construction (13)
44
44. a ___ is a beam projected from a substantial distance beyond the point of support and are often found on apartment buildings for elevated walkways or balconies
cantilevers (14)
45
45. _______ are an architectural detail added to a building to serve 2 main purposes: creates more curb appeal and provides weather protection for customers
mansards (14)
46
46. incident commanders should mae it a priority to have ___ companies check the conditions inside the mansard early.
truck (15)
47
47. if heavy fire is located within the mansard the ic may want to consider
defensive ooperations (15)
48
48. type IV construction
heavy timber (16)
49
49. in type ___ construction, the beams columns, floors and roofs are made of solid or laminated wood with dimensional lumber greater than type III and void spaces between structural members are not permitted
IV (16)
50
50. due to the dimensional lumber, the primary fire hazard of type IV construction is the massive amount of
fuel (16)
51
51. type V construction
lightweight (17)
52
52. type ___ construction is also known as lightweight or wood frame construction.
V (17)
53
53. in conventional construction the members relied on their size for strength. in ___ construction the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total sum of the other members, if one member fails they all fail
lightweight (17)
54
54. with few exceptions 2x3" and 2x4" are the standard for lightweight construction whereas conventional construction will utilize a minimum of ___ " construction
2x6 (18)
55
55. type V construction general consists of 2 major types of framing
platform and balloon (20)
56
56. ____ construction is when a building is built one floor at a time
platform (20)
57
57. one benefit of platform construction is that it prevents vertical fire spread through ___ spaces created in the walls, whereas balloon framing does not
void (20)
58
58. ___ framing is when the studs run 2 or more stories high without a fire stop
balloon (20)
59
59. __ ___ __ consist of an insulating foam core sandwiched between 2 sheets of OSB
structural insulated panels (21)
60
60. veneers are a ___ of masonry attached to the outside of a building, but not carrying any load other that its own weight. or a single width masonry wall, a minimum of 2 inches thick
Wythe (21)
61
61. a brick veneer can often be identified by its lack of a __ row which is placed every 5 to 7 rows
header (21)
62
traditionally, buildings made of brick offered both structural integrity and prevented vertical extension through the wall by the alternating pattern in which the bricks are laid. this is not the case with todays veneers as they offer no structural support and provide a ___ space behind the wythe
void (22)
63
63. the ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally sound is dependent on the following 3 factors
```
type of construction
how long the fire has been burning
fire intensity (24)
```
64
64. the following are characteristics of what type of construction: the structure will not contribute to fire and load bearing members are protected and fires will likely involve only the contents
type I fire resistive (24)
65
65. the following are characteristics of what type of construction: structure will not contribute fuel to fire, unprotected steel columns, steel bar joist trusses are common
type II non combustible (24)
66
66. the following are characteristics of what type of construction: exterior walls will not contribute fuel to fire, fire load varies by occupancy, tilt up panelized f=roof system is common example
type III (24)
67
67. the following are characteristics of what type of construction: exterior walls will not contribute fuel, interior load bearing members will contribute fuel
type IV (24)
68
68. the following are characteristics of what type of construction: entire structure can contribute to fire, if not conventional expect lightweight floor and roof systems, offensive exterior attack can be a safer tactic if structural integrity is questionable
type V (24)
69
69. the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: typically multi story structures, access/egress issues, difficult to ventilate.\, large open areas = large fire load
type I (24)
70
70. the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: unprotected load bearing structural members and heavy fire load result in early collapse, high rack storage
type II (24)
71
71. the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: how walls are tied to interior of unreinforced masonry is critical, interior partitions are fuel, less mass = less time, lightweight floor and roof systems
type III (24)
72
72. the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: more mass = more time, but scrutinize connections, multiple interconnected voids, suspended loads
type IV (24)
73
the following are hazards associated with what type of construction: less mass = less time, open stairwells and large open attics contribute to rapid fire growth, lightweight floor systems can create horizontal spread
type V (24)
74
74. ____ trusses are constructed of wood, steel, or a combination of both with the structural members consisting of a series of triangles in a single plane
lightweight (25)
75
75. the top cord of a truss is under ___
compression (25)
76
76. the bottom cord of a truss is under ___
tension (25)
77
77. due to the multiples forces at work in these systems, consider the strong area of truss construction to be where the trusses cross or
terminate on the outside bearing walls (25)
78
78. though most trusses perform the same a truss that is ___ out performs in reverse beyond the point of support the tension is in the top cord and compression in the bottom cord
cantilevered (25)
79
79. the pitch is determined by the ___ in inches over a __ or distance from a wall
rise, run (26)
80
80. roofs that have a pitch greater than 6:12 may require the use of a __ __ to provide additional footing when vertically ventilating
roof ladder (26)
81
81. ___ are probably the most common pitched roof found in the las vegas valley
gable (27)
82
82. a ___ roof is formed by 2 inclined roof surfaces meeting at a high point forming a ridge and can be found in conventional or lightweight construction
gable (27)
83
83. while conventional methods of construction rely on the size of the members to support the load, lightweight trusses rely on the combined strengths of all ___ to support the same load
trusses (27)
84
84. the strong areas of gable roofs are the ___ and the areas where the rafter cross the outside walls
ridge (28)
85
85. __ type trusses are the most common truss used in residential construction as they allow for vaulted ceilings and large expanses
scissors (28)
86
86. what is the weakest link of the truss
gusset plate (28)
87
87. ___ this type of roof is commonly use in conjunction with gable roofs and there is no a frame configuration
hip (29)
88
88. ff working on a roof must know that the strongest parts of the a hip roof are the
ridges valleys and outside wall (29)
89
89. truss ___ may be placed between the truss members to provide for truss stabilization
blocking (29)
90
90. flat roofs fall into 3 categories what are they
rafters, trussed and panelized (31)
91
92. Trussed flat roofs are divided into what 3 categories
open web truss system
wood bar joist systems
wood i joist systems (32)
92
93. ____ are common lightweight option for contractors to consider when building a flat roof in the las vegas area. they may be installed where the top chord is attached to the wall and the bottom cord is left unsupported hanging free
open web trusses (32)
93
94. open web truss roofs are commonly constructed with 2x4 top chord bottom chord and web members and typically spaced 24" apart. a common failure point in these trusses is the
connection point (32)
94
96. ____ are trusses constructed with a parallel top and bottom chord of wood with tubular steel webbing placed in the middle. the steel web members are prefabricated into 1-2" cold rolled steel tubing with the ends pressed flat and holes punched through the ends
wood bar joist systems (33)
95
97. wood bar joist roofs are commonly constructed with trusses __ inches apart
24 (33)
96
98. _____ commonly referred to truss joist beams are being used as roof joist and floor joist and are constructed with parallel running top and bottom chords of 2x4 and a piece of 1/2" plywood or osb standing vertical between the top and bottom chords
wood i joist systems (34)
97
99. in wood I joist systems the top cord is under load which offers a bridging effect causing the top cord to be in compression and the bottom chord member to be in ___
tension (34)
98
100. wood I joist will fail within __ minutes after coming in contact with direct flame
6 (34)
99
101. these roofs are generally constructed on wood, masonry or concrete slab tilt up buildings. it is used when large unobstructed open spaces are needed such as gyms, grocery stores or warehouses
panelized flat roofs (35)
100
```
102. these roofs are uniquely made of 4 components:
beams (laminated or steel)
purlins (laminated, steel or truss)
rafters (2x4 wood)
decking (1/2 in. plywood or OSB)
```
panelized flat roofs (35)
101
103. panelized roof beams may be supported by 4" hollow ___ post. the danger of these post is that they can become weakened and fail causing large portions of the roof to collapse
steel (35)
102
104. Arched roof, commonly referred to as ___ roof is considered one of the most dangerous roof systems that ff will encounter
bowstring (37)
103
105. when smoke is larger than the fire ___ operations are generally considered safe
offensive (38)
104
106. if the fire is larger that n the smoke it is time to strongly consider ___ operations
defensive (39)
105
107. what are the 2 basic categories of arched roofs
trussed arch roofs
| tied arched roofs (39)
106
108. ____ are a webbed truss system which includes a bottom chord, web member and an arched top chord
trussed arched roofs (40)
107
109. trussed arch roofs are constructed with large ___ ___ that distribute the load throughout the truss
web members (40)
108
110. the strength of a arched roof is dependent on the ___ or the lumber utilized and the span of the trusses
size (41)
109
111. _____ are constructed using an arched top chord, contain no web members and include a metal tie rod and turnbuckle that tie the two ends of the arched top chord together
tied arched roofs (42)
110
112. ______ are identified by the steel cable that ties the ends of the arch together. these tie rods are usually 5/8" in diameter and may or may not pass through the exterior walls
tie arched roofs (44)
111
113. in tied arched roofs ___ are used below each arch member to ensure the proper tension is maintained on the tie rod
turnbuckle (44)
112
114. in tied arched roofs the tie rods which are under tension provide ___ support for the exterior walls and prevent the arches, which are in compression from pushing the exterior walls outward and collapsing the building
lateral (44)
113
115. straight sheathing was utilized prior to 1933 and diagonal sheathing was used after 1933. the importance of knowing pre 1933 construction is that straight sheathing is prone to ______
early collapse (44)
114
116. the hazards of a tied arch truss roof lay in the early failure of the ___ and ___
metal tie rods and turnbuckles (44)
115
117. the greatest hazard with ____ roofs is that when the metal tie rods, anchor points or turnbuckles are heated to their failure point the walls can suddenly kick out and cause a catastrophic collapse of the roof and walls
tie arched (44)
116
tie arch roofs gain their strength from the steel __ and connecting points. interior crews must inform the roof crew if the arch is a tied arch
turnbuckle (44)
117
119. roof ___ is the first layer of the roof installed over the joist or rafters. plywood construction is used
sheathing (47)
118
120. the advantages of ___ are that they are not engineered with glues and resin, so they typically last longer under fire conditions
planking (48)
119
121. the layer after the sheathing and is the underlayment for many types of roof coverings
felt (48)
120
122. the strongest points on tile roofs are the
ridges and valleys (50)
121
123. ____ is an insulated board made of particle board with insulation built into it. it is available in several thicknesses, found on commercial buildings and is not uncommon to encounter 6" thick material
celtox (51)
122
124. _____ is a very common material applied over the plywood/osb decking of a flat roof on commercial buildings, membranes are glued in place and sometimes heated with a torch to ensure a quality seal
rubberized membrane (52)
123
125. ____ has excellent insulating properties making it a great roofing material. generally tar is placed over the decking material and then the foam is applied over the top
spray foam (54)
124
126. ______ and ___ are designed to remain freestanding even if the adjacent structure collapses, to withstand expansion of the adjacent structure that accompanies the heat generated by fire, they are usually thicker than walls that are not intended to stop fire
firewall and standard firewall (55)
125
127. _____ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings. it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating
standard firewall (55)
126
128. the standard firewall is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after
ff efforts and sprinklers have failed (55)
127
129. standard firewalls must extend vertically and continuously through all stories of the building and through the roof to form at least a ___ foot parapet over the highest point in the roof or of any structure within 25 feet of the firewall
3 feet (55)
128
standard firewalls must a 3-6 foot long __ a 30' long end wall or a 3' long extension wall as needed.
wing wall (55)
129
131. this type of firewall has no ties to the building other than flashing at the roof as required to prevent moisture intrusion into the building. this type of wall can be constructed of brick concrete or concrete masonry units and is usually located at a building expansion joint
freestanding firewall (56)
130
132. typically a freestanding wall is strengthened internally with reinforcement or ____ may be used to provide the required strength
pilasters (56)
131
133. this type of firewall consists of masonry or other rated construction materials that either encases or is tied to the structural framing. these types of walls are integral with and therefore supported by the structural framework
tied firewalls (56)
132
134. this type of wall includes 2 one way rated fire walls which have exposed structural framing on one side. the one way walls are placed back to back with a minimum of 7" separation between them and are most commonly built when a firewall is required to separate an existing structure from a new building
double one way fire walls (56)
133
135. with double one way fire walls each wall must have a minimum fire resistance rating of __ hours
3 (56)
134
136. ____ typically have lower fire resistance rating than firewall; however they must also be designed and constructed according to specifications established by nationally recognized laboratories.
fire barriers (56)
135
137. fire barriers are typically used to subdivide ___ and can be attached to or supported by structural members
floors (56)
136
138. fire barriers which are typically rated for 2 to 3 hours fire resistance are usually ____ walls that extend from the floor to floor or floor to roof
non load bearing (56)
137
139. ____ restrict the initial flow of heat within the area of origin and thereby help limit the actuation of sprinklers outside the fire zone
fire barriers (56)
138
140. a fire barrier helps to supplement the ___ system
sprinkler (56)
139
141. ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, they extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of less fire resistive materials than fire barriers
partitions (57)
140
142. ___ typically only have a 1 - 2 hour fire resistance rating
fire partition (57)
141
143. a fire resistant, rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow the collapse of the existing construction on either side of the wall to occur without allowing collapse of the wall
firewall (58)
142
144. firewalls are necessary for what 2 primary reasons
contain fires and subsequently limit property damage
| protect the building occupants (59
143
145. a fire wall is primarily categorized by how well and how long it is able to
withstand fire (59)
144
146. a ___ is designed to remain freestanding even if the adjacent structure collapses, to withstand the expansion of the adjacent structure that accompanies the heat generated by a fire
fire wall (60)
145
147. firewalls are usually thicker than walls that are intended to act as fire stops only. if a firewall is of considerable height and length, __ or ___ may be required to provide adequate lateral stability
buttresses or pilasters (60)
146
148. fire stops, fire barriers and fire partitions can be used to subdivide portions of the building contained by a __
firewall (61)
147
149. a ___ __ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings, it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating. the standard firewall is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after ff efforts have failed
standard firewall (62)
148
150. __ walls or __ walls are blank masonry or concrete structures that prevent a fire from passing around or through the adjacent firewalls
end or wing (63)
149
151. a ___ is similar to a standard firewall, but has protected openings and can have up to a 3- 4 hour fire resistance rating
firewall (64)
150
152. typically a freestanding wall is strengthened internally with reinforcement or _____ may be used to provide the required strength
pilasters (64)
151
153. ___ are typically used to subdivide floors and can be attached to or supported by structural members, are typically rated for 2-3 hours fire resistance, non load bearing, and extend from the floor to floor or floor to roof
fire barriers (73)
152
154. ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of less fire-resistive materials than fire barriers
fire partitions (75)
153
155. the biggest cause of firewall failure is unprotected or improperly protected ___
openings (doorways, conveyors and other similar penetrations (76)
154
156. turbine ventilators are referred to as roof turbines and are a form of ____ ventilation
mechanical (83)
155
157. when personnel encounter turbine ventilators they should be
left in place (83)
156
158. should powered roof vents be removed if vertical ventilation is required
yes (84)
157
159. ___ vents are located on a high portion of the wall near the peak under the eave.
gable (84)
158
160. __ vents are located under the eaves at the bottom of the attic space and provide a an opening from the outside to the attic space
eave (84)
159
161. ____ vents are placed on the ridge of the roof, with truss construction these vents will be placed between the trusses and should be removal should be considered when vertical ventilation is required
ridge (85)
160
162. ___ these vents are placed on the roof as either an intake or exhaust vent, they may be removed if vertical ventilation needed, when these vents are located near the ridge they are exhaust and when they are located near the eaves they are intake
dormer (85)
161
163. on commercial occupancies the skylight serves two functions what are they
provide natural light
| ventilation during normal operation and fire conditions (86)
162
164. truck companies are not repair personnel; we are there to investigate a possible source of smoke isolate ___ extinguish any active fire and check for extension
power (88)
163
165. a daily practice of ___ will reinforce the basic size up skills needed to become an efficient truck company
walking roofs (92)
164
166. a coordinated approach with all truck companies to complete this task will allow for the sharing of the information gained and develop ____ of the truck companies
esprit de corps (92)
165
167. a systematic ___ consistently applied to each building will allow a rapid accurate, ongoing assessment of the roof and fire conditions
size up (92)
166
168. ___ is a tool to aide you in the decision making process that should be performed automatically and should not delay roof operations
roof size up(92)
167
169. in a roof size up all 8 items will be considered only the ___ will be reported
pertinent negatives(92)
168
170. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
flat, pitched, arched
asphalt, metal, tile, wood shake
previous knowledge/preplan
type of roof (93)
169
171. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
is smoke visible from exhaust fans/vents or from the structure
are gable ends, eave vents, or attic vents showing smoke
are skylights venting
is smoke visible from multiple vents or ares
vents present and operating (93)
170
172. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
stable/unstable
is smoke light/passive or heavy pressurized
is roof on fire or is there flame in the convection column
is the decking or structural members on fire
is there a partial collapse
conditions of roof (93)
171
173. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
location of roof appliances
where are interior crews in relation
where to avoid positioning crews
is there a fire isolated to the roof appliance
concentrated loads (93)
172
174. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
are firewalls present
where to place trench operations
smoke showing from one area consider attic partitions
firewalls or partitions (93)
173
175. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
unusual layout
hazards exposures or add ons not visible to the ic
basic blue print (93)
174
176. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
nothing showing roof sound standing by for report from interior
cutting an inspection hole to determine construction type and involvement
cutting a heat hole/trench cut and additional resources
operation complete and exiting
hole complete, par in safe area, standing by waiting for report from interior
roof unsafe abandon the building
action being taken (94)
175
177. when looking at ___ the following should be reported:
lightweight or conventional
direction of trusses above the fire compartment
where should interior crews be position for trench cut coordination
truss type and direction (94)
176
reporting the ___ will help paint the picture to command and other units as to the amount of attic space that could be concealing hidden fire, probable roofing material used, potential hazards of falling roof tiles and amount of time that will be needed to complete the vent holes
roof type (95)
177
179. reporting on presence of smoke coming from certain vents can assist the IC in developing an ___
IAP (96)
178
180. smoke conditions and reading smoke is paramount for the truck company officer and crew. the key is to identify ____ __ and ___
location, color and velocity (97)
179
181. pressurized smoke from all sides indicates a fully charged attic. this coupled with reported light smoke on the interior is a warning sign that the fire is most likely in the attic and ___ measures should be considered
defensive (97)
180
182. ___ is an indicator of what is burning
color of smoke (97)
181
183. ___ is characterized by thick black smoke that will violently flash at lower temperatures then previously found in flashovers
petro-chemical (97)
182
184. ___ is directly related to temperature, as smoke temperatures increase so does the pressure in the container, resulting in the boiling appearance of the smoke
velocity (97)
183
185. ___ or passive smoke usually indicates a smoldering slow moving fire wheras heavy pressurized smoke indicates a rapid burning fire
light (98)
184
186. knowing where firewalls are located will help determine where to deploy the ___ and also helps the ic in developing an IAP
aerial ladder (100)
185
187. ____ are made of sheet rock and do not extend completely through the roofing material
fire partitions (100)
186
188. if smoke and fire conditions warrant roof crews should quickly perform an inspection hole to determine the ___ and truss material used
decking (103)
187
189. identifying the ___ type will help the ic estimate the amount of time crews can safely operate under and on the roof
truss (103)
188
190. the truss __ is more important consideration when operating at commercial buildings. this may assist in determining what areas are under a common roof system on strip malls and how the building may collapse if one end of the truss fails
direction (103)
189
191. lightweight decking such as ___ is an excellent indicator that lightweight trusses or wooden I beams are present
OSB (103)
190
192. larger dimensional lumber such as 1x6 or 2x6 material used as roof sheathing indicates that the roof is ___ constructed with substantially larger rafters and will usually allow for more time before collapse
conventionally (103)
191
193. __ __ used as roof decking is a good indicator that open web bar joists are used as the truss system and these can fail quickly under high heat conditions
corrugated metal (103)
192
194. a basic rule is to place defensively and work
offensively (104)
193
195. when laddering the roof you should attempt to place ladders at the __ points of the structures which is close to a corner in most cases
strongest (105)
194
196. there should be a minimum of __ ladders in place whenever personnel are operating on the roof
2 (106)
195
197. ladders should be extended at least __ rungs above the roof line. this will help crew members locate the ladder for egress in smoky conditions
3 (106)
196
198. when it comes to the need for using a 35' ladder the time needed to get to the roof becomes almost equal for the 35' ladder and the ___
aerial device (107)
197
199. when climbing an extension ground ladder for roof operations it is recommended that no more than __ person be on each section of the ladder at a time
1 (108)
198
200. aerial ladders should position near the ____ of buildings to provide access to 2 sides of the buildings
corners (109)
199
201. sizing up roof and determining if it is safe is the responsibility of the ____ but the ultimately falls on the shoulders of the ___
entire crew
| captain (112)
200
202. by having the captain to the roof first the ___ process can begin immediately to determine if roof operations are a go or no go
roof size up (112)
201
203. the second person on the roof should be the
lead saw (112)
202
204. after the crew gathers tools they will ___ prior to climbing the ladder
turn saws off (112)
203
205. the 3rd person on the roof is the
back up person (113)
204
206. upon accessing the roof the captain should sound an approximately __ area directly around the tip of the ladder to serve as a safe area for the remainder of his crew to stand upon accessing the roof
10 x 10 (114)
205
207. when operating on residential roofs the safest places to walk are usually over the ___. on pitched roof they are usually 2 feet in from the eaves. other safe areas include ridges peaks and valleys
exterior walls (115)
206
208. when operating on commercial roofs the safest areas to walk are usually over exterior walls. you can also look for signs of structural members such as __ or __which maybe visible
beams or purlins (115)
207
209. when working near the roof edge a__ is needed
back up person (115)
208
210. when the wind changes the smoke direction and impairs your ability to see stop operations and wait for the wind to shift again. the saw operators must let the saws return to idle and ___ when this brief pause in operation occurs
set the chain brake (116)
209
211. when starting your cut hold the saw with the bar at a ___ angle
45 degree (122)
210
212. the should be throttled up to ___ speed before the chain touches the deck
full (122)
211
213. as the chain makes its way through the decking material pivot the saw to a ___ angle. holding the bar perpendicular to the decking will provide for a better feel of the rafters
90 degree (122)
212
214. we only approx. ___ " of the bar inserted into the roof material
3-4" (123)
213
215. the back up person should not hold too tightly as this can throw the saw operator off balance. your main function is to keep the saw operator from ____
stepping off the roof or into an unstable area (125)
214
216. what are the 2 speeds the saw runs at during cutting operations
full throttle
| idle (126)
215
217. cut with the bar ___ to the decking material for maximum rafter feel. use 4 inches of the bar/chain when cutting; too deep will catch electrical conduit, piping and ac ducting
perpendicular (126)
216
218. stay 3-4" inside the rafters when making parallel cuts to avoid contacting ____
metal hangers (126)
217
219. for residential structures, we will primarily use either a __ or _ cut
```
one truss louver
standard louver (128)
```
218
220. cuts sequences will generally be divided into 2 categories, what are they
cuts with construction
| cuts against construction (128)
219
221. ventilation holes where the completed rectangle is make with the longest cuts running parallel with the rafters are considered cuts
with construction (128)
220
222. ventilation holes where the completed rectangle is made with the longest cuts running perpendicular to the rafters are considered cuts
against construction (128)
221
223. all of our cuts should focus on the ___ the cut section as a 1st option and then removing the cut section onto the roof as a second option
louvering (129)
222
224. for a residential structure ___ should be considered the minimum initial size hole. if after the initial hole is made there is thick pressurized smoke continuously boiling out then the hole needs to be bigger
4 x8 (129)
223
225. the vertical ventilation operation is not complete until ___ __ is achieved
effective ventilation (129)
224
```
226. the purpose of an ___ ___ is to assist the roof crew in determining:
type and direction of the rafters
type of decking material
fire conditions
roof operations are a go or no go
```
inspection hole (130)
225
227. the ______ is a ventilation hole made parallel to or with construction. this hole can be used on a pitched or flat roof and is usually performed with one saw and is common for lightweight roofs
residential one truss (131)
226
228. the ___ is a ventilation hole made perpendicular to or against construction. this hole can be used on a pitched or flat roof and is usually performed with one saw is common for lightweight roofs
standard louver (132)
227
229. a____ is a technique used when the saw operator is unable to identify the location of the roof members or the roof members are running in multiple directions eliminating the option of a louver cut
skim cut (135)
228
230. this cut is used primarily on flat roofs that have multiple layers of roof coverings or roofs where thick foam is used, where the type of structural supports cannot be easily sounded or located
skim cuts (135)
229
231. the skim cut is a series of approx.. ___ cuts placed next to each other that when combined make an adequate sized vent opening
2 x 2 (135)
230
232. the main reason for locating the roof trusses are to determine where to start your initial cut and to know where to __ while performing vertical ventilation operations
stand (138)
231
233. for commercial structures we will primarily use either a commercial cut or a ___ cut
7's (142)
232
234. in commercial building in order for a heat hole to be effective it will need to be opened quickly and will generally require __ saws operating simultaneously
2 (143)
233
235. for a commercial structure a ___ heat hole should be considered the minimum initial sized hole
8 x16' (148)
234
236. a trench cut is a __ operation used primarily to control the spread of a fire.
defensive (151)
235
237. a trench cut should be thought of as a ___ a line in the sand where we have decided to make our stand to stop an advancing fire
firebreak (154)
236
238. a ___ operation consist of 2 elements: a roof division working above and a division/group operating on the interior below
trench (154)
237
239. the ___ is designed to stop the spread of fire even when sprinkler systems fail
firewall (156)
238
240. the following describes ______:
rating- 4 hour minimum with no openings
configuration - parapet extends above the roof with wing walls end walls or extensions
standard fire wall(156)
239
241. the following describes ______:
rating- 3-4 hour with protected openings
configuration - parapet extends above the roof with wing walls end walls or extensions
firewall (156)
240
242. the following describes ______:
rating- 2-3 hour with protected openings
configuration - wall extends from floor to beneath roof or floor deck above
fire barrier (156)
241
243. the following describes ______:
rating- 1 -2 hours with protected openings
configuration - wall extends from floor to ceiling
fire partition (156)
242
244. ___ is a freestanding masonry or concrete wall with no openings. it can be designed to have as much as a 4 hour fire resistance rating and is designed to contain a fire within the area of origin even after ff efforts such as sprinklers have failed
standard fire wall (157)
243
245. ___ are typically used to subdivide floors and can be attached to or supported by structural members rated for 2-3 hour fire resistance usually non load bearing walls that extend from the floor to beneath the roof/deck or floor to floor, all supporting structures should be noncombustible
fire barriers (158)
244
246. fire barriers are most effective when ___ are provided and sprinklers are operable. a fire barrier helps to supplement the sprinkler system
smoke and heat vents are provided (158)
245
247. ____ subdivide areas within a building and can be attached to and supported by adjacent structural members, extend to the ceiling only and are constructed of fire resistive materials than fire barriers, typically only have 1 to 2 hours fire resistance
fire partitions (159)
246
248. when trench operations are started it is important that the cut sections not be _____ until a large majority of the trench cuts are completed and interior crews have a hose line in place and the ceiling pulled
louvered (167)
247
```
249. the following should be included in ___:
type of roof
are smoke and heat vents present and operating
conditions of roof
concentrated loads
firewalls or partitions if present
basic blueprint if unusual
action being taken
truss type and direction
```
roof size up (172)
248
250. commercial structures will require an area approximately ___ for the safety zone
10 x 10 (177)
249
251. ___ are usually located near ladders but can be located on other areas of the roof such as the uninvolved side of a firewall an area away from heavy roof appliances or a safe area on an attached building
safety zones (177)
250
secondary ladders should ideally be place on an __ side of the building from the primary ladder
opposite (178)
251
planning for a fire should begin at the __ of the shift
beginning (180)
252
254. a beam anchored only at one end that projected out over the edge of the structure without any external bracing collapse
cantilever (184)
253
255. this is a useful technique to use when cutting plywood sheathing. center raftering provides for a large hole with a minimum of cuts that is relatively safe on all sides. sheathing removal requires a minimal effort. this technique is also used for strip ventilation on 1x6 sheathed roofs
center rafter (184)
254
256. a small space created when a flat roof is raised above the level of the flat beams/rafters to provide a pitch to drain rain. the space provided between the underside of a flat roof and the bottom of the ceiling joist. the ceiling joist may be a different structural member separate from the roof rafter
cockloft (184)
255
257roofing material layer between the structural members and weathering proofing layer, usually plywood or osb material but can be corrugated metal
decking (184)
256
258. a technique of cutting sheathing with no concern to location of individual rafters or joist. this technique is used with roofs that are 1x6 solid, space or diagonally sheathed roofs
dicing (184)
257
260. offensive ventilation, a hole placed over the fire or as close to over the fire that will safety will allow. min. 4x4 hole, residential should be 4x8, commercial should be 8x16 and will increase ff visibility
heat hole (185)
258
261. a small triangular hole made with an axe or chain saw that indicates conditions of smoke or fire, these holes can be place along the path of access or egress every few yards
indicator hole (185)
259
262. a small triangle of composition removed from the roof covering only. completed to determine sheathing type and or truss/rafter direction
inspection hole (185)
260
263. usually a 2x4 laid flat between rafters or joist to provide a nailing surface for end edge of plywood sheathing. since plywood is used normally in 4x8 sheets and diaphragm nailed head block will usually be found every 4 feet
nailing blocks (185)
261
264. a small cut made in the roof covering only made with the tip of the chainsaw and used to mark the location of rafters
score cut (186)
262
265. lightweight structural member shaped like the letter I. composed of 2 horizontal components called flanges and a vertical component called a web used as a framing material primarily in floors but may also be used as roof rafters will fail quickly under fire conditions
wood I joist (186)
