Ventilation

Question 1

LO 1. Describe the difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation

Answer 1

minute = the volume of air that flows into or out of the lung in one minute alveolar = the volume of air that flows into or out of the alveolar space in one minute

Question 2

LO 2. Describe factors that influence lung ventilation, including the role of gravity.

Answer 2

bronchodilators and constrictors exercise (increased ventilation) altitude (increased ventilation) obstructive or restrictive diseases (increased airway resistance or altered lung compliance) gravity (weight of the lung creates a stronger pull from the chest wall at the apex)

Question 3

LO 3. Describe the work of breathing and its influence on breathing rate and tidal volume.

Answer 3

The work done in moving the lungs has two major components: (a) work done against the elastic recoil of the lungs and (b) work done against airway resistance. An increase in the work of breathing can occur because of an increase in elastic recoil (decreased compliance) of the respiratory system, because of an increase in airway resistance, or a combination of the two.

Question 4

LO 4. Define anatomical, alveolar, and physiologic dead-space.

Answer 4

anatomical = air that doesn’t reach the alveoli alveolar = alveoli that are well-ventilated but do not participate in gas exchange (imperfused areas of the lung) physiologic = the sum of the anatomic and alveolar dead spaces

Question 5

LO 5. Describe different lung volumes and how they are used to diagnose respiratory disorders.

Answer 5

residual volume (RV) = volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration; usu 1.5 L functional residual capacity (FRC) = volume of gas in the lung and upper airway at the end of a normal expiration, usu 2.5L total lung capacity (TLC)= the volume of air inside the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration, usu 7.5L tidal volume (VT) = the difference in lung volume between a normal inspiration and normal expiration, usu 500mL vital capacity (VC)= volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration followed by a maximal expiration

Question 6

This is a disease caused by the infiltration of connective tissue, which decreases lung compliance, making inspiration difficult.

Answer 6

pulmonary fibrosis

Question 7

______ diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma are associated with increases in airway resistance.

Answer 7

Obstructive

Question 8

Obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma are associated with _______.

Answer 8

increases in airway resistance

Question 9

Obstructive diseases such as ______ and _______ are associated with increases in airway resistance.

Answer 9

chronic bronchitis; asthma

Question 10

______ diseases do not impact airway resistance; also, the decrease in lung compliance can actually cause small increases in the FEV1.0/FVC ratio.

Answer 10

Restrictive

Question 11

Restrictive diseases do not impact airway resistance; also, the decrease in lung compliance can actually cause _______.

Answer 11

small increases in the FEV1.0/FVC ratio

Question 12

Unlike the other obstructive diseases, emphysema can be associated with unchanged or small increases (not decreases) in _______.

Answer 12

vital capacity

Question 13

Unlike the other obstructive diseases, _______ can be associated with unchanged or small increases (not decreases) in vital capacity.

Answer 13

emphysema

Question 14

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 14

the volume of air that flows into or out of the alveolar space in one minute

Question 15

This is the volume of air that flows into or out of the alveolar space in one minute.

Answer 15

alveolar ventilation

Question 16

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 16

the volume of air that flows into or out of the lung in one minute

Question 17

What is the sum of the anatomic and alveolar dead spaces called?

Answer 17

physiologic dead space

Question 18

What is residual volume (RV)? What is its normal value?

Answer 18

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration; usu 1.5 L

Question 19

This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration; usu 1.5 L.

Answer 19

residual volume (RV)

Question 20

This is the volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration followed by a maximal expiration.

Answer 20

vital capacity (VC)

Question 21

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 21

the volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration followed by a maximal expiration

Question 22

This is the volume of gas in the lung and upper airway at the end of a normal expiration, usu 2.5L.

Answer 22

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 23

This is the volume of air inside the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration, usu 7.5L.

Answer 23

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 24

This is the difference in lung volume between a normal inspiration and normal expiration, usu 500mL.

Answer 24

tidal volume (VT)

Question 25

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? What is its normal value?

Answer 25

the volume of gas in the lung and upper airway at the end of a normal expiration, usu 2.5L.

Question 26

What is tidal volume (VT)? What is its normal value?

Answer 26

the difference in lung volume between a normal inspiration and normal expiration, usu 500mL

Question 27

What is total lung capacity (TLC)? What is its normal value?

Answer 27

the volume of air inside the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration, usu 7.5L