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CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) > Overview of the Pulmonary System/Lung Development > Flashcards

Overview of the Pulmonary System/Lung Development Flashcards

1
Q

When does surfactant begin to be made in the lungs?

A

gestational month 6-7

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1
Q

Name the contributors to pulmonary work of breathing.

A
  1. increased elastic properties of the lungs
  2. resistance to flow in the airways
  3. impaired gas exchange
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2
Q

Obstructive disease means _____; restrictive disease means ______.

A

you can’t get air out; you can’t get air in

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3
Q

What is the substance that lowers alveolar surface tension?

A

surfactant

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4
Q

Deadspace refers to parts of the lung that ______.

A

do not exchange gas

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4
Q

The ______ develops from the surrounding mesenchyme.

A

pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

What are the key features of the canalicular phase?

A
  • 17-26 weeks gestation
  • 1a development of pulm capillary bed
  • expansion of airspace into mesenchyme
  • fetal breathing detected
  • epi cell differentiation begins
  • possible to survive but respiratory distress
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5
Q

The overlapping stages in embryogenesis of the lung include the initial branching, called the embryonic phase (26 days to 6 weeks gestation), the pseudoglandular phase lasting through 16 weeks where ____ more rounds of branching to the terminal bronchioles occurs, and the cannicular phase where the terminal bronchioles branch into _______ (to age 28 weeks).

A

14; respiratory bronchioles

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6
Q

The first ____ airways are conducting airways; the rest are transitional and respiratory.

A

16

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6
Q

What is a normal, healthy FEV1?

A

70-80%

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7
Q

What are the key features of the saccular phase?

A
  • 26-36 weeks gestation
  • distal growth and branching of term sacs
  • thinning of interstitial space
  • decrease in cell prolif
  • epi cells are differentiated into Type I and II
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8
Q

Name the phase.

  • 17-26 weeks gestation
  • 1a development of pulm capillary bed
  • expansion of airspace into mesenchyme
  • fetal breathing detected
  • epi cell differentiation begins
  • possible to survive but respiratory distress
A

canalicular phase

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9
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries originate?

A

the 6th aortic arch

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10
Q

Gas-exchange occurs at ______.

A

the capillary-alveolar interface

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11
Q

Lymphatics run near ______ to help cope with extravascular lung water.

A

the pulmonary arteries and veins

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12
Q

The overlapping stages in embryogenesis of the lung include the initial branching, called the _______ (26 days to 6 weeks gestation), the _______ lasting through 16 weeks where 14 more rounds of branching to the terminal bronchioles occurs, and the _______ where the terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles (to age 28 weeks).

A

embryonic phase pseudoglandular phase cannicular phase

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12
Q

The lung bud develops ventrally into the mesoderm at _______.

A

week 4

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12
Q

What does FEV1 stand for? What does it mean?

A

it’s the percentage of your vital capacity that you can exhale in 1 sec

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13
Q

_____ have two primary functions: 1) to repair or replace injured Type I pneumocytes, and 2) to secrete surfactant, a substance which lowers alveolar surface tension.

A

Type II cells

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14
Q

Name the phase.

  • 26-36 weeks gestation
  • distal growth and branching of term sacs
  • thinning of interstitial space
  • decrease in cell prolif
  • epi cells are differentiated into Type I and II
A

saccular phase

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16
Q

Since the conducting airways by definition do not exchange gas, they are known as “______.”

A

anatomic deadspace

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17
Q

What is ventilation?

A

movement of air into/out of the lungs

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19
Q

Movement of the lungs within the thoracic cavity during inspiration and expiration is facilitated by a space between the two structures called _______.

A

the pleural space

19
Q

_____ represents the transition from bronchi to bronchioles.

A

Loss of cartilage in the outer tissue layer

19
Q

The lung bud develops _____ into the ______ at week 4.

A

ventrally; mesoderm

21
Q

Surfactant is an _____ molecule.

A

amphipathic

23
Q

The lungs develop from ______.

A

the lung bud of the gut tube endoderm

24
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes are comprised of _____ cells.

A

simple squamous

25
Q

_______ develop from the lung bud of the gut tube endoderm.

A

The lungs

26
Q

Type II cells have two primary functions: 1) _______, and 2) to secrete surfactant, a substance which lowers alveolar surface tension.

A

to repair or replace injured Type I pneumocytes

27
Q

Name the phase.

  • 36 weeks-3 years
  • presence of true alveoli (90% after birth)
  • Type II cells proliferate into type I cells
A

alveolar phase

28
Q

What is the outer lining of the lung?

A

the visceral pleura

30
Q

What is respiration?

A

gas exchange

30
Q

What are the key features of the alveolar phase?

A
  • 36 weeks-3 years
  • presence of true alveoli (90% after birth)
  • Type II cells proliferate into type I cells
  • lengthening and sprouting of capillary network
  • fusion of double capillary network
30
Q

What does FVC stand for? What does it mean?

A

force vital capacity; the maximal amount of air you can move out of your lungs from a maximal inspiration to a maximal expiration

31
Q

If the FEV1/FVC ratio is lower than expected, that would suggest ______.

A

obstructive physiology

33
Q

The respiratory system develops from the embryonic ______.

A

endoderm

34
Q

The simple epithelium of the bronchioles gives way to two different types of alveolar epithelial cells, squamous lining cells (______) and secretory cells (______).

A

type I cells or pneumocytes; Type II cells

36
Q

Type I cells account for _____ of the alveolar surface area and fuse with the capillary endothelium to create a sufficiently thin membrane for adequate gas transfer.

A

95%

37
Q

The overlapping stages in embryogenesis of the lung include the initial branching, called the embryonic phase (days _____ thru _____), the pseudoglandular phase lasting through _____ weeks, where 14 more rounds of branching to the terminal bronchioles occurs, and the cannicular phase where the terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles (to age _____).

A

26 days to 6 weeks gestation; 16 weeks; 28 weeks

38
Q

What is DLCO?

A

a measure of gas exchange

39
Q

On average there are _____ generations of airways in humans (from trachea to the last respiratory bronchiole).

A

23

40
Q

______ refers to parts of the lung that do not exchange gas.

A

Deadspace

41
Q

The pulmonary veins _______- they’re more peripheral.

A

do not run with the airways

42
Q

What are the conducting airway walls comprised of?

A
  1. the inner mucosal surface (epithelial cells, cilia, and goblet cells) 2. the smooth muscle layer 3. the outer connective tissue layer
44
Q

What is the job of surfactant?

A

to decrease the surface tension of water in the lungs and allow gas exchange from the air to the liquid in the lungs

45
Q

______ account for 95% of the alveolar surface area and fuse with the capillary endothelium to create a sufficiently thin membrane for adequate gas transfer.

A

Type I cells

47
Q

The pulmonary circulation develops from the surrounding ______.

A

mesenchyme

49
Q

Disease such as bronchitis and bronchiectasis refer to ______ whereas bronchiolitis affects ______.

A

airways with cartilage; the bronchioles or non-cartilagenous airways

50
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

the outer lining of the lung

51
Q

What is surfactant?

A

a substance that lowers alveolar surface tension

52
Q

A 55yo pt presents with a 2yr hx of dyspnea on exertion (DOE). What test will you do first?

A

measure lung function

53
Q

The overlapping stages in embryogenesis of the lung include the initial branching, called the embryonic phase (26 days to 6 weeks gestation), the pseudoglandular phase lasting through 16 weeks where ____ more rounds of branching to the terminal bronchioles occurs, and the cannicular phase where the terminal bronchioles branch into _______ (to age 28 weeks).

A

14; respiratory bronchioles

54
Q

What are the key features of the alveolar phase?

A
  • 36 weeks-3 years
  • presence of true alveoli (90% after birth)
  • Type II cells proliferate into type I cells
55
Q

The pulmonary veins are outgrowths of ______.

A

the LA

56
Q

The _____ develops ventrally into the mesoderm at week 4.

A

lung bud

CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) (42 decks)

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