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CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) > Peds Lung Diseases > Flashcards

Peds Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pediatric pulmonary disease accounts for almost 50% of deaths in children younger than _____.

A

1 year

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2
Q

______ accounts for almost 50% of deaths in children younger than 1 year.

A

Pediatric pulmonary disease

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3
Q

An infant’s larynx and trachea are significantly _____ than an adult.

A

smaller

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4
Q

The narrowest part of the pediatric airway is ______.

A

just below the vocal cords at the level of the cricoid cartilage

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5
Q

The narrowest part of the adult airway is _____.

A

the vocal cords

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6
Q

Extrathoracic airway obstruction usually causes _____.

A

stridor or a barking cough

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7
Q

What are the 4 D’s of airway obstruction?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Drooling
  • Dysphagia
  • Distress
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8
Q

What is Laryngomalacia?

A

a benign congenital disorder in which the cartilaginous support for the supraglottic structures is underdeveloped

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9
Q

When does Laryngomalacia present?

A

within the first few months of life

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10
Q

This is a benign congenital disorder in which the cartilaginous support for the supraglottic structures is underdeveloped.

A

Laryngomalacia

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11
Q

This is the most common cause of persistent stridor in infants and usually is seen in the first 6 weeks of life.

A

Laryngomalacia

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12
Q

What are the s/s of croup?

A

upper respiratory tract symptoms is followed by a barking cough and stridor but no (or only low grade) fever

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13
Q

How do xrays look in croup?

A

subglottic narrowing-steeple sign

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14
Q

What is the steeple sign on xray indicative of?

A

croup

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15
Q

What is the tx for croup w/o stridor at rest?

A

supportive care, maybe inhaled mist

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16
Q

What is the tx for croup w/ stridor at rest?

A
  • Nebulized epinephrine
  • glucocorticoids
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17
Q

What usually causes epiglottis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

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18
Q

Why is epiglottitis a medical emergency?

A

it can rapidly lead to life-threatening upper airway obstruction

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19
Q

What are the s/s of epiglottis?

A
  • sudden onset of high fever
  • dysphagia
  • drooling
  • muffled voice
  • inspiratory retractions
  • cyanosis
  • soft stridor
  • often sit in the sniffing dog position
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20
Q

How is epiglottitis definitively diagnosed?

A

visualization of the airway

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21
Q

What is the first step in treating epiglottitis?

A

endotrach intubation

22
Q

What is bacterial tracheitis?

A

a severe, life-threatening form of laryngotracheo-bronchitis

23
Q

This is a severe, life-threatening form of laryngotracheo-bronchitis.

A

Bacterial tracheitis

24
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial tracheitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

25
Q

What are the s/s of bacterial tracheitis?

A

starts similar to viral croup, but patients develop higher fever, toxicity, and progressive or intermittent severe upper airway obstruction that is unresponsive to standard croup therapy

26
Q

This dz starts similar to viral croup, but patients develop higher fever, toxicity, and progressive or intermittent severe upper airway obstruction that is unresponsive to standard croup therapy.

A

bacterial tracheitis

27
Q

Pediatric airways are _____ and the cross sectional area is _____.

A

smaller; lower

28
Q

How are infant chest walls different than that of an adult?

A
  • Weak intercostal muscles
  • Ribs are horizontal–>infants rely mostly on their diaphragm
  • Diaphragm is flat limiting the change in tidal volume and fatigues easily
29
Q

Intrathoracic airway obstruction usually causes _____.

A

expiratory wheezing

30
Q

Name 3 congenital disorders of intrathoracic airway obstruction.

A
  1. Tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia
  2. Tracheoesophageal fistula
  3. Vascular Rings, Pulmonary slings, and other vascular anomalies that can cause airway compression
31
Q

What is the most common acquired cause of intrathoracic airway obstruction?

A

infection

32
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A
  • acute onset tachypnea, labored breathing, and/or hypoxia
  • Irritability, poor feeding
  • Wheezing and crackles
33
Q

Dx?

  • acute onset tachypnea, labored breathing, and/or hypoxia
  • Irritability, poor feeding
  • Wheezing and crackles
A

bronhiolitis

34
Q

_____ is the most common serious acute respiratory illness in infants and young children.

A

Bronchiolitis

35
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is by far the most common viral cause of _____.

A

acute bronchiolitis

36
Q

_____ is by far the most common viral cause of acute bronchiolitis.

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

37
Q

Pts with bronchiolitis can potentially develop ____.

A

asthma

38
Q

Dx:

  • Recurrent symptoms of airway obstruction (cough, SOB, chest tightness)
  • At least partial reversal of bronchospasm and symptom relief with a bronchodilator (e.g. a beta agonist such as albuterol)
  • All other diagnoses ruled out
A

asthma

39
Q

What is the chronic tx of choice in asthma?

A

corticosteroids

40
Q

What is parenchymal lung disease in children?

A

any disorders that affect the alveoli, associated structures, and the airways

41
Q

What is the most common acquired cause of parenchymal lung disease in children?

A

Viral or bacterial pneumonia

42
Q

What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A
  • Acute respiratory distress in the first week of life
  • Required oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, with persistent oxygen requirement at 36 weeks gestational age or 28 days of life
  • Persistent respiratory abnormalities, including physical signs and radiographic findings
43
Q

Dx?

  • Acute respiratory distress in the first week of life
  • Required oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, with persistent oxygen requirement at 36 weeks gestational age or 28 days of life
  • Persistent respiratory abnormalities, including physical signs and radiographic findings
A

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

44
Q

______ is a developmental disorder characterized by decreased surface area for gas exchange, reduced inflammation, and dysmorphic vascular structure.

A

bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

45
Q

The cause of _____ is a defect in a single gene on chromosome 7 that encodes an epithelial chloride channel.

A

CF

46
Q

The cause of CF is a defect in a single gene on chromosome ___ that encodes an epithelial chloride channel.

A

7

47
Q

The cause of CF is a defect in a single gene on chromosome 7 that encodes an epithelial _____ channel.

A

chloride

48
Q

The most common CF mutation is ______.

A

ΔF508

49
Q

What is meconium ileus? What disease is it assoc. with?

A

a severe intestinal obstruction resulting from inspissation of tenacious meconium in the terminal ileum; CF

50
Q

What is the dominant lung pathogen in CF patients?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

51
Q

CF pts should also take daily multivitamins that contain vitamins ______.

A

A, D, E, and K

CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) (42 decks)

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