Control of Respiration

Question 1

The respiratory rhythm is generated in the ______.

Answer 1

medulla

Question 2

A likely candidate for the rhythm generator is the _______, and specifically an area called the pre-Botzinger complex.

Answer 2

rostral ventrolateral medulla

Question 3

A likely candidate for the rhythm generator is the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and specifically an area called the _______.

Answer 3

pre-Botzinger complex

Question 4

Peripheral chemoreceptors are divided into two groups, the _____ and ______.

Answer 4

carotid; aortic chemoreceptors

Question 5

The carotid chemoreceptors are stimulated by?

Answer 5

1. decreases in arterial PO2
2. increases in PCO2
3. decreases in arterial pH

Question 6

The aortic chemoreceptors are stimulated by?

Answer 6

1. decreases in arterial PO2

2. increases in PCO2

Question 7

The most important function of the carotid bodies is to sense the level of ____.

Answer 7

O2

Question 8

There are no central chemoreceptors for _____.

Answer 8

oxygen

Question 9

The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to _____.

Answer 9

PCO2

Question 10

Inputs from the _____ are important for voluntary control of breathing and essential for speaking, singing, sniffing, coughing and expulsive efforts.

Answer 10

cortex

Question 11

Inputs from the cortex are important for?

Answer 11

voluntary control of breathing, speaking, singing, sniffing, coughing and expulsive efforts

Question 12

There are also inputs from the _____ and the ______, which can influence the pattern of breathing in emotional states.

Answer 12

limbic system; hypothalamus

Question 13

There are also inputs from the limbic system and the hypothalamus, which can influence the pattern of breathing in _______.

Answer 13

emotional states

Question 14

What is the pons’ role in breathing?

Answer 14

modification and the fine control of the respiratory rhythm

Question 15

What is a pulmonary stretch receptor?

Answer 15

a receptor in the airway smooth muscle that activates by lung distention to provide the inflation reflex (inhibit inspiration during sustained inflation)

Question 16

What are pulmonary irritant receptors?

Answer 16

receptors that lie between epi cells activated by irritants that cause hyperpnea and bronchoconstriction

Question 17

What are Juxtapulmonary capillary (Type J) receptors?

Answer 17

receptors in or near the walls of the pulmonary capillaries that are activated by an increase in pulmonary interstitial fluid to cause apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia

Question 18

Nose and upper airway receptors respond to ______ to cause _____.

Answer 18

chemical and mechanical stimulation/irritants; sneezing, swallowing, cough, laryngeal closure, and bronchoconstriction

Question 19

The most important arterial baroreceptors are in the ______ and the _____.

Answer 19

carotid sinus; aortic arch