Carcinogenesis and CA Flashcards
Pts with COPD are at a _____x increased risk of developing lung CA.
4-5x
Name a tumor suppressor gene whose mutation is important in lung CA carcinogenesis.
p53
Name 3 oncogenes important in for lung CA carcinogenesis.
- MYC
- JUN
- FOS
Lung cancer is classified into two main categories, ____ and ____.
non-small cell (NSCLC) and small cell (SCLC)
Adenocarcinoma in-situ was previously called _____.
bronchoalveolar cell
Cough, anorexia, weakness and weight loss are the most common presenting symptoms in patients with ______.
undiagnosed lung cancer
____, _____, _____, and _____ are the most common presenting symptoms in patients with undiagnosed lung cancer.
Cough, anorexia, weakness and weight loss
What is Horner’s Syndrome?
ptosis, anhidrosis, and miosis from inferior cervical ganglion and sympathetic chain involvement
This is ptosis, anhidrosis, and miosis from inferior cervical ganglion and sympathetic chain involvement.
Horner’s Syndrome
What is bronchorrhea?
copious amounts of ‘salty’ sputum
This is copious amounts of ‘salty’ sputum.
bronchorrhea
Lung cancer commonly spreads to ____, ____, ____, and ____.
the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone
Name 6 endocrinologic effects of lung CA paraneoplastic syndromes.
Hypercalcemia Hyponatremia Cushing’s syndrome Gynecomastia Acromegaly Hypoglycemia
Name 5 neurologic effects of lung CA paraneoplastic syndromes.
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome Peripheral Neuropathy Cerebellar Degeneration Limbic Encephalitis Encephalomyelitis
Name 4 MSK effects of lung CA paraneoplastic syndromes.
Clubbing
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis
Name 6 hematologic effects of lung CA paraneoplastic syndromes.
Anemia Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Leukocytosis/Thrombocytosis Vasculitis Noninfectious Thrombotic Endocarditis Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
How is lung CA diagnosed?
biopsy or testing of other tissue samples
Elevated ______ suggests bone metastases.
alkaline phosphatase
Elevated alkaline phosphatase suggests ______.
bone metastases
Due to the high incidence of micrometastases early in the disease state, small cell lung cancer is divided into two stages: ______ (25-30%; tumor is limited to ipsilateral hemithorax including contralateral mediastinal nodes); and ______ (70-75%; tumor extends beyond the hemithorax including pleural effusions).
limited disease; extensive disease
Due to the high incidence of micrometastases early in the disease state, small cell lung cancer is divided into two stages: limited disease (25-30%; tumor is limited to ______ including contralateral mediastinal nodes); and extensive disease (70-75%; tumor extends beyond the hemithorax including ______).
ipsilateral hemithorax; pleural effusions
Due to the high incidence of micrometastases early in the disease state, small cell lung cancer is divided into two stages: limited disease (25-30%; tumor is limited to ipsilateral hemithorax including contralateral ______); and extensive disease (70-75%; tumor extends beyond _____ including pleural effusions).
mediastinal nodes; the hemithorax
SCLC is typically treated with _____ and ______.
chemotherapy, radiation
What is the tx for NSCLC?
surgery
Dx?
A solitary mass, typically
a solitary pulmonary nodule/coin lesion
What is a solitary pulmonary nodule?
a solitary mass, typically
What are the s/s of a solitary pulmonary nodule?
usually none
_______ is a soil organism endemic to the desert southwest, southern California, and northern Mexico that can cause solitary pulmonary nodules.
Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis is a soil organism endemic to the desert southwest, southern California, and northern Mexico that can cause ______.
solitary pulmonary nodules
_______ is a fungus that lives in soil fertilized by bird or bat droppings and is commonly found in the central and south-central United States that can cause solitary pulmonary nodules.
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is a fungus that lives in soil fertilized by bird or bat droppings and is commonly found in the central and south-central United States that can cause _______.
solitary pulmonary nodules
What is the most common cause of multiple pulmonary nodules?
metastatic disease
