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CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) > Pharmacotherapy > Flashcards

Pharmacotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

If you activate bronchial smooth muscle via muscarinic receptors, you get _____.

A

bronchoconstriction

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2
Q

If you activate bronchial smooth muscle via leukotriene receptors, you get _____.

A

bronchoconstriction

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3
Q

If you activate bronchial smooth muscle via histamine H1 receptors, you get _____.

A

bronchoconstriction

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4
Q

If you activate bronchial smooth muscle via Beta-2-adrenergic receptors, you get _____.

A

bronchodilation

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5
Q

If you activate secretory cells via muscarinic receptors, you get _____.

A

increased secretion

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6
Q

If you activate blood vessels via muscarinic receptors, you get _____.

A

vasodilation

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7
Q

If you activate blood vessels via Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors, you get _____.

A

vasoconstriction

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8
Q

If you activate blood vessels via histamine H1 receptors, you get _____.

A

vasodilation

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9
Q

If you activate blood vessels via bradykinin receptors, you get _____.

A

vasodilation

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10
Q

If you activate the cough center via Mu opioid receptors, you get _____.

A

suppression of the cough reflex

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11
Q

If you activate sensory pain afferents via bradykinin receptors, you get _____.

A

increased pain

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12
Q

If you activate sensory pain afferents via histamine H1 receptors, you get _____.

A

increased pain

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13
Q

What do mast cells release during a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
  • platelet-activating factor (PAF)
  • kinins
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14
Q

______ are responsible for the majority of adult colds.

A

Rhinoviruses

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15
Q

What is the most important inflammatory mediator in viral colds?

A

bradykinin

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16
Q

What are the effects of bradykinin?

A

pain, nasal stuffiness, nasal fluid hypersecretion, cough

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17
Q

How do antihistamines work?

A

they’re reversible H1 receptor antagonists, muscarinic receptor blockers, Na+ channel blockers, and adrenergic receptor blockers

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18
Q

What are the effects of muscarinic receptor block by antihistamines?

A

sedation, prevention of nausea and vomiting, block of secretions

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19
Q

What are the effects of the Na+ channel blockade by antihistamines?

A

local anesthetic (topically)

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20
Q

What is the brand name for Fexofenadine?

A

Allegra

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21
Q

What is the brand name for Loratadine?

A

Claritin

22
Q

What is the brand name for cetirizine?

A

Zyrtec

23
Q

What is the brand name for desloratadine?

A

Clarinex

24
Q

Dramamine is a _____.

A

first generation antihistamine

25
Q

Which antihistamines are better for motion sickness treatment?

A

1st generations

26
Q

What are antihistamines used to treat?

A
  • allergic reactions (rhinitis and urticaria)
  • motion sickness and vestibular disturbances
  • nausea/vomiting in pregnancy
  • insomnia
27
Q

What are the SEs of anti-muscarinics?

A

No pee, no see, no spit, no shit

28
Q

____ and ____ have the lowest risk of teratogenicity in treating nausea/vomiting in pregnancy.

A

Meclizine; dimenhydrinate

29
Q

Which antihistamines are the best for treating insomnia?

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and doxylamine (Sominex)

30
Q

Why don’t 2nd generation antihistamines cause sedation?

A

they don’t cross the BBB

31
Q

How do topical decongestants work?

A

Stimulate α1-adrenergic receptors of vascular smooth muscle resulting in constriction of nasal blood vessels dilated by histamine or inflammatory response to promote drainage

32
Q

Name 2 topical decongestants.

A
    1. Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine)
  2. Oxymetazoline (Afrin)/Xylometazoline (Otrivin)
33
Q

What are these?:

  1. Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine)
  2. Oxymetazoline (Afrin)/Xylometazoline (Otrivin)
A

topical decongestants

34
Q

These drugs stimulate α1-adrenergic receptors of vascular smooth muscle, resulting in constriction of nasal blood vessels dilated by histamine (or inflammatory response) to promote drainage.

A

topical decongestants

35
Q

Name 3 oral decongestants.

A
  1. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
  2. Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
  3. Phenylpropanolamine (no longer on the market)
36
Q

What kind of drugs are these?:

  1. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
  2. Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
  3. Phenylpropanolamine (no longer on the market)
A

oral decongestants

37
Q

How is Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE) different from Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)?

A

Sudafed PE is unpredictable because of different hepatic metabolism from person to person

38
Q

Name 3 antitussives.

A
  1. Codeine, Hydrocodone
  2. Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM)
  3. Diphenhydramine
39
Q

How do codeine and similar antitussives work?

A

they’re agonists at endogenous opioid receptors that act to depress the cough center in brain stem

40
Q

What NSAID blocks inflammation that stimulates cough afferents?

A

Naproxen

41
Q

How do Mucolytics work?

A

Splits disulfide linkages between mucoproteins resulting in decreased viscosity of pulmonary mucus secretions when inhaled

42
Q

What are the SEs of Mucolytics?

A

irritation, bronchospasm, GI upset, rhinorrhea

43
Q

Name the only safe and effective expectorants.

A

Guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robitussin)

44
Q

What are the SEs of expectorants?

A

none

45
Q

How do expectorants work?

A

Proposed to ease expectoration by stimulating respiratory tract secretions, thus decreasing their viscosity. This enhances the normal mucociliary mechanism for removal.

46
Q

How should a cough from a common cold be treated?

A
  1. 1st gen antihistamine/ decongestant (brompheniramine/ pseudoephedrine)
  2. Naproxin tid x5 days
47
Q

How should a cough due to upper airway cough syndrome/postnasal drip be treated?

A
  1. 1st gen antihistamine/ decongestant (brompheniramine/ pseudoephedrine)
48
Q

What is paradoxical excitation and what drug is it associated with?

A

disinhibition; antihistamines (when some children get hyper off Benadryl instead of sedated)

49
Q

Name 3 second-generation antihistamines.

A
  1. cetirizine (Zyrtec)
  2. fexofenadine (Allegra)
  3. loratadine (Claritin)
50
Q

These drugs are all?:

  1. cetirizine (Zyrtec)
  2. fexofenadine (Allegra)
  3. loratadine (Claritin)
A

2nd generation antihistamines

CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) (42 decks)

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