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CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) > High Altitude and Diving > Flashcards

High Altitude and Diving Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic mountain sickness (CMS)?

A

polycythemia with PHTN due to high altitude resistance

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2
Q

In ______, the feature is exuberant pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) in response to acute hypoxia.

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

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2
Q

Atmospheric (or barometric) pressure increases by 1 atm for every ____ meters of depth in sea water.

A

10

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2
Q

What is the tx for decompression sickness/the bends?

A

recompression in a hyperbaric chamber

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4
Q

What is adaptation?

A
  • a genetic event that increases tolerance
  • occurs only in populations over generations
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4
Q

What are the s/s of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)?

A
  • headache
  • nausea
  • malaise
  • insomnia
  • anorexia
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5
Q

What is pulmonary barotrauma?

A

pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax caused by gas pushed into the interstitium

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6
Q

What are the s/s of High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)?

A
  • ataxia
  • confusion/combativeness
  • hallucinations
  • coma
  • (presents similarly to intoxication)
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7
Q

This is the most extreme form of acute mountain sickness and is a medical emergency.

A

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

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7
Q

What are the s/s of pneumomediastinum?

A
  • substernal chest pain
  • cough
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8
Q

One of the earliest physiological changes that occurs when humans are exposed to acute hypoxia is to ____.

A

increase blood flow (cardiac output)

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9
Q

What is the value of water vapor pressure?

A

47

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10
Q

In High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) a main feature is _____ in response to acute hypoxia.

A

pulmonary hypertension (PHTN)

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11
Q

An increase in HR occurs within _____ of hypoxia exposure.

A

minutes

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11
Q

Increased VE can last for _____, and is thus the most useful short term adaptive response to high altitude exposure.

A

days and weeks

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12
Q

This is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema- a life threatening complication of altitude exposure.

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

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13
Q

What are the s/s of pneumothorax?

A
  • dyspnea
  • unilateral chest pain
  • cough
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14
Q

_____ can last for days and weeks, and is thus the most useful short term adaptive response to high altitude exposure.

A

Increased VE

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15
Q

What is dexamethasone?

A

a steroid used to treat HACE

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15
Q

This is pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax caused by gas pushed into the interstitium.

A

pulmonary barotrauma

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16
Q

What is the best mechanism for long-term adaptation to high altitude?

A
  • to increase hemoglobin and red cell mass
  • decrease plasma volume
16
Q

What underlying disease increases the risk of barotrauma?

16
Q

The longer and deeper the dive, the more concern for _____.

A

decompression sickness/the bends

16
Q

What is shallow water blackout?

A

breath holding dives that result in loss of consciousness

17
What is the barometric pressure in Denver?
630
18
What is High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)?
* a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema * a life threatening complication of altitude exposure
20
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is caused by an increase in brain volume in response to hypoxia that may be due to cerebral edema and/or increased cerebral blood flow/intravascular volume.
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
21
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a genetic event to increase tolerance and thus occurs only in populations over generations.
Adaptation
23
What is VE?
minute ventilation
24
What is nitrogen narcosis?
* clumsiness * bizarre behavior * euphoria * unconsciousness * \*\*\*\* caused by breathing compressed air (\>75% N) at depths \>100 feet
26
If acute hypoxia is severe in the unacclimatized, the person rapidly becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
unconscious
28
The diffusion of O2 across the alveolar-capillary membrane is dependent on ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
its thickness; the concentration of Hb
29
The _______ across the alveolar-capillary membrane is dependent on its thickness and the concentration of Hb.
diffusion of O2
30
What are the s/s of nitrogen narcosis?
* clumsiness * bizarre behavior * euphoria * unconsciousness
31
What are the s/s of decompression sickness/the bends?
* confusion * musculoskeletal pain * dyspnea * stroke * coma * seizures * paralysis * death
33
What is acclimatization?
a subacute to chronic physiologic process that permits more efficient function at altitude
35
In persons that have \_\_\_\_\_, the ventilatory responses to both hypoxia and to higher PaCO2 are exaggerated.
acclimatized to high altitude
37
In persons that have acclimatized to high altitude, the ventilatory responses to both hypoxia and to higher PaCO2 are \_\_\_\_\_.
exaggerated
38
What is the tx for High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)?
* supportive * IV dexamethasone
39
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is caused by ______ in response to hypoxia that may be due to cerebral edema and/or increased cerebral blood flow/intravascular volume.
an increase in brain volume
40
What causes decompression sickness/the bends?
inert gases supersaturate the tissues and then the diver ascends too rapidly
41
The best initial way to increase hemoglobin saturation (and thus tissue oxygen delivery) is to \_\_\_\_\_.
hyperventilate
42
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is caused by an increase in brain volume in response to hypoxia that may be due to ______ and/or \_\_\_\_\_.
cerebral edema; increased cerebral blood flow/intravascular volume
43
A “left shift” in the O2-Hb dissociation curve occurs due to \_\_\_\_\_.
respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation/decreased PaCO2)
45
A “\_\_\_\_ shift” in the O2-Hb dissociation curve occurs due to respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation/decreased PaCO2).
left
46
What is High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)?
the most extreme form of acute mountain sickness- a medical emergency
47
What is the tx for Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)?
* analgesics * oral dexamethasone (a corticosteroid) OR oral acetazolamide
48
What is the tx for High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)?
* decent to lower altitude * supplemental O2 * vasodilators (nifedipine, tadalafil) * salmeterol
49
This is clumsiness, bizarre behavior, euphoria, and unconsciousness caused by breathing compressed air (\>75% N) at depths \>100 feet.
nitrogen narcosis
50
This is caused by breath holding dives that result in loss of consciousness.
shallow water blackout
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a subacute to chronic physiologic process that permits more efficient function at altitude.
Acclimatization
52
This is polycythemia with PHTN due to high altitude resistance.
chronic mountain sickness (CMS)

CVPR Pulmonary (Exam 3) (42 decks)

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