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CPR Exam 1 > Vascular Histology > Flashcards

Vascular Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph flow throughout the body

A

lymphatic capillaries

to

lymphatic vessels

to

lymphatic trunks

to

right lymphatic duct

to

thoracic duct

to

brachiocephalic v.

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2
Q

Lymphatic capillaries/vessels all have what features?

A

vascular tunics and posses valves

walls increase in thickness as vessels increase in size

tight junctions prevent leaks

there are afferents and efferents

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3
Q

What are close ended tubes found among capillary beds?

A
  • overlapping endothelial cells form 1-way valves for collecting lymph
  • incomplete basal lamina increases permeability
  • endothelial cells held in place by anchoring filaments
  • form lymphatic vessels
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4
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A
  • circulate lymph through most of the body
  • unidirectional, convey fluid only from tissues
  • collect lymph and return it to the venous supply
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5
Q

Large Veins: Tunica Adventitia

A

thickest layer of the vessel wall

contains collagen and elastic fibers and fibroblasts

contains longitudinal smooth muscle cells

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6
Q

Large Veins: Tunica media

A

thin, circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells, collagen and fibroblasts

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7
Q

Large Veins: Tunica Intima

A

thin and blends with tunica media

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8
Q

Medium Veins

A

travel with muscular arteries

thicker tunica media and adventitia

wall is often folded around large lumen

contains valves

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9
Q

Postcapillary venules

muscular venules

small veins

A

drain capillaries, no true tunica media

1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica adventitia

3 tunics, 2-3 layers in tunica media, tunica adventitia thicker

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10
Q

Venules

A

receive blood from capillaries and have a diameter as small as 0.1mm

subclassified as postcapillary and muscular venules

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11
Q

Small Veins

A

Less than 1mm in diameter, are continuous with muscular venules

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12
Q

Medium veins

A

a diameter of as much as 10mm, represent most of the named veins

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13
Q

Large Veins

A

usually have a diameter >10 mm

superior and inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

Tunics are not as distinct or well defined in veins, but large and medium veins have ____

Tunica intima may contain ____

A

all three tunics

valve (thin CT core covered in endothelial cells)

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15
Q

Veins have thinner walls than ____

____ have larger lumens than ____

lumen in ____ often collapse

A

arteries!

Veins; arteries!

Veins!

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16
Q

How does blood bypass a capillary bed?

A

Contracted precapillary sphincters will “shunt” blood flow

this prevents exchange within true capillaries and forces blood to enter venous return more quickly

differentially occurs based on metabolic demand

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17
Q

Describe blood flow through the well-perfused capillary bed

A

Metarterioles first branch off of the arteriole supplying tissues

precapillary sphincters regulate blood through the capillaries

then true capillaries branch from the metarteriole, lacking SM and may have pericytes

the thoroughfare channel is the distal end of the metarteriole and connects to a postcapillary venule

18
Q

Compare and contrast continuous, fenestrated and discontinous capillaries

A

Continuous: only certain, small (size, charge, etc) things can get through

Fenestrated: “holey”, larger things can get through, important for filtering urine

Discontinuous: very leaky, discontinuous basal lamina

19
Q

What forms the innermost layer of the tunica intima?

What is the function of this layer?

A

single layer of endothelial cells connected via cell-cell junctions

support the basement membrane and produce collagen

involved in blood coagulation and vasodilation/constriction

20
Q

What is the function of the pericytes?

A

perivascular contractile cells with branching cytoplasmic processes

they are enclosed within the basal lamina, continuous with that of the endothelium

controlled by NO

promote stability of capillaries and venules

21
Q

What is special about small arteries?

A

up to 8 layers and will have an internal elastic membrane

22
Q

What is special about arterioles?

A

1-2 layers, internal elastic membrane may/may not be present

FLOW REGULATORS of capillary beds

SNS: tunica media causes vasoconstriction

PNS: tunica media causes vasodilation

23
Q

Where does a prominent internal elastic membrane become apparant as well as a recognizeable external elastic membrane?

A

Medium (Muscular) arteries

(thicker tinuca adventitia, about the same as the tunica media)

24
Q

What are the hallmark features of the large (elastic) arteries?

A

elastin forms sheets between muscle cell layers

NO fibroblasts

lumen size reduces pressure and allows strong blood flow to continue during diastole

25
Q

The tunica adventitia contains the vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum which are what?

A

VV: vessels of the tunica adventitia that supply blood to the vascular tunics themselves (found in large arteries and veins)

NV: ANS input that controls contraction of vascular smooth muscle

26
Q

what are the hallmark features of the tunica adventitia/externa

A

long. arranged collagen tissue with some elastic fibers

merges with loose CT around vessels

thin in arteries, thick in veins

27
Q

What are some hallmark features of the tunica media?

A

layers of smooth muscle

thick in arteries

spans from the internal elastic membrane to the external elastic membrane

28
Q

What are the hallmark features of the tunica intima?

A

endothelium

basal lamina (thin EC layer with collagen, PTG, GP)

subendothelial layer (loose CT, internal elastic membrane)

29
Q

Everything we need to know about continuous vessels

A
  • most common
  • tight, occluding junctions that seal off intercellular clefts
  • molecular exchange happens via diffusion or transcytosis
  • continuous basement membrane
  • muscle, brain, peripheral nerves, exocrine glands
  • cells meet end-to-end
30
Q

Everything we need to know about Fenestrated vessels

A
  • located in organs where molecular exchange with blood is important
  • tight junctions with fenestrations
  • greater exchange across the endothelium, limited to size of macromolecule
  • continuous basement membrane
  • endocrine, fluid/metabolite absorption, gallbladder, kidney
31
Q

Everything we need to know about discontinuous/sinusoidal vessels

A
  • located where exchange of macromoleucles and cells must openly occur
  • large fenestrations (the largest)
  • open exchange occurs, large cell movements allowed
  • partial discontinuous basement membrane
  • bone marrow, liver, spleen
32
Q

Everything we need to know about large arteries (elastic)

A

>10mm

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm. M

tunic MEDIA: Sm. M., elastic lamellae

tunica adventitia: thinner, CT, elastic fibers

33
Q

Everything we need to know about medium arteries (muscular)

A

2-10mm

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm. M, BIG internal elastic membrane

tunica media: Sm.M, collagen fibers, relatively little elastic tissues

tunica adventitia: thinner than tunica media, CT, some elastic

34
Q

Everything we need to know about small arteries

A

0.1-2mm

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm. M, internal elastic membrane

tunica media: Sm. M (8-10layers), collagen

tunica advenitia: thinner, CT, some elastic

35
Q

Everything we need to know about arterioles

A

10-100um

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm.M

tunica media: Sm. M (1-2 cell layers)

tunica adventitia: thin, CT (poorly defined)

36
Q

Everything we need to know about capillaries

A

4-10um

tunica intima: endothelium

tunica media and adventitia: NONE

37
Q

Everything we need to know about postcapillary venules

A

10-50um

tunica intima: endothelium and pericytes

tunica media and adventitia: NONE

38
Q

Everything we need to know about muscular venules

A

50-100 um

tunica intima: endothelium

tunica media: Sm. M (1-2 cell layers)

tunica adventitia: thicker than tunica media, CT, some elastic

39
Q

Everything we need to know about small veins:

A

0.1-1mm

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm. M (2-3 layers)

tunica media: Sm. M (2-3 layers with tunica intima)

tunica adventitia: thicker, CT, some elastic

40
Q

Everything we need to know about medium veins

A

1-10mm

tunica intima: endothelium, CT, Sm. M, internal elastic membrane sometimes

tunica media: Sm. M, collagen

tunica adventitia: thicker, CT, some elastic

41
Q

Everything we need to know about large veins

A

>10mm

tunica intima: endothelium, Ct, Sm. M

tunica media: Sm. M, collagen fibers

tunica adventitia: Much thicker, Ct, some elastic, long. Sm. M, cardiac muscle extensions into great veins near heart (myocardial sleeves)

CPR Exam 1 (31 decks)

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