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CPR Exam 1 > CP Cardiology > Flashcards

CP Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the superior mediastinum from the anterior, posterior, and middle mediastinum?

A

The line behind the sternal angle

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2
Q

What is the other name for the epicardium?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

What is the other name for the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right margin

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4
Q

Where are the crista / sulcus terminalis found?

A

Right atrium

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5
Q

What embryological structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

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6
Q

What two vessels did the ductus arteriosus gap?

A

Aorta and the Pulmonary Trunk

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7
Q

What nerve can be compressed in an aortic aneurysm at the spot of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

(Runs under the weak spot in the aorta created by the ligamentum arteriosum)

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8
Q

What is the smooth wall of the right atrium called?

A

Sinus venarum

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9
Q

How will we know if the interatrial septum is pinned?

A

There will be a pin near to, but not on, the fossa ovalis.

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10
Q

What differentiates a papillary muscle from trabecula carnae?

A

The attachment of chordae tendonae to the papillary muscles.

(If something has no chordae tendonae attached to it, don’t label it a papillary muscle!)

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11
Q

What is the smooth wall before the pulmonary valve called?

A

Conus arteriosus

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12
Q

What is the other name for the moderator band?

Where is it located?

A

Septomarginal trabeculum

Right ventricle

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13
Q

What do we call the space behind the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary Sinus

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14
Q

Where is the only place you can find pectinate muscle in the left atrium?

A

The left auricle

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15
Q

What sinus exists behind the outflow vessels?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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16
Q

What are the names of the two pericardial sinuses?

A

Oblique and transverse pericardial sinus.

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17
Q

What is the initial consequence of a pericardial effusion?

A

Cardiac tampenade (Increased pressure on the heart muscle)

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18
Q

Where is the needle inserted for pericardiocentesis?

A

In the paraxiphoid area (just below and to the side of the xiphoid process)

19
Q

Describe the flow of blood in systemic circulation

A

left atrium

bicuspid valve

left ventricle

aortic valve

aorta

arterial system

capillaries

venous system

heart via inferior/superior vena cava

20
Q

Describe the flow of blood in pulmonary circulation

A

superior/inferior vena cava

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

heart via pulmonary valve

pulmonary trunk

right and left lungs

heart via pulmonary veins

21
Q

CN: Myocardial Infarction

A

lack of blood flow to a specific area of myocardium, usually due to blockage in a coronary a.

22
Q

CN: Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain originating in the heart, often caused by result of narrow/obstructed arteries causing ischemia

23
Q

What is important about the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

atachment points for the myocardium

attachment points for cuspid valves

supports/opens atrioventricular and semilunar valves

provides electrically insulated barrier between atria and ventricle

24
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

the adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus

the left recurrent laryngeal n. and vagus n. loop around aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum

(aneurysm there can cause hoarseness)

25
Q

CN: Atrial Septal Defects

A

incomplete closure of the foramen ovale.

estimated that 15-20% of people have it

large openings in the interatrial septum can allow mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen depleted blood

26
Q

the right atrium leads to the right ventricle via which space and which valve?

A

right atrioventricular orifice, tricuspid valve

27
Q

How are the cusps of the tricuspid valve connected to the heart?

A

Each cusp is connected to a chorda tendoni and then to a papillary muscle of the same name (anterior, posterior, septal)

ex: anterior cusp to chorda tendoni to anterior papillary m. (most likely cusp to be tagged)

(same as bicuspid valve, except with only anterior and posterior)

28
Q

What is the name of the rough, muscular surface of the right ventricle?

A

Trabecula Carnae

29
Q

The aorta sinus and pulmonary sinus can be defined as

A

the space behind the cusp of the valve

ex: pulmonary sinus is the space behind the cusp of the pulmonary valve

30
Q

CN: Cardiac Catheterization

A

insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein which is then passed up to the inferior vena cava allowing radiographic visualization of the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

31
Q

What is the smooth surface of the left ventricle called?

A

aortic vestibule

rough wall is the same: trabeculae carnae

32
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

myocardial wall separating the two ventricles, houses the atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers)

described as having a membranous (fibrous) part that belongs to the fibrous skeleton of the heart and a much larger muscular part

33
Q

CN: Ventricular Septal Defects

A

due to the embryologically divergent tissues that make up the interventricular spetum that structure is particularly susceptible to defects

all defects are clinically relevant as they allow the mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen low blood

34
Q

What is the sinuatrial node?

A

“pacemaker”

located in myocardium where superior vena cava meets right atrium

initiates it’s own action potential and propagates impulse thru atrial wall, producing diastole

35
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

bundle of cardiac muscle fibers in the interatrial septum responding to impulse from SA node and distributes signal through ventricles

does not make it’s own AP

36
Q

Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker

A

produces a regular electrical impuse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes

37
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

irregular twitching of atria, circulation usually remains satisfactory

38
Q

CN: Ventricular Fibrillation

A

rapid irregular twitching of ventricles, unable to pump blood.

shock and hope the heart restarts

39
Q

CN: Cardiac referred pain

A

ischmia stimulates visceral pain fibers in the heart of the ANS and often share a spinal ganglion with the somatic sensory nerve fibers for the upper extremity

typically referred to area innervated by left medial brachial cutaneous nerve, left substernal area, left pectoral area and medial left arm

40
Q

CN: Surfical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus

A

space allows cardiac surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert the tubes of a bypass machine into these large vessels.

41
Q

CN: Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium which can make the pericardium rough and produce friction. causes rub which can be heard with steth. Can cause pericardium to calcify

42
Q

CN: Pericardial Effusion

A

inflammation of the pericardium can result in the accumulation of fluid or pus in the pericardial sac which can compress the heart-aka cardiac tamponade

43
Q

CN: Pericardiocentesis

A

drainage of blood, fluid, pus from the pericardial sac, usually to treat cardiac tamponade

44
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

wide recess posterior to the base of the heart

transverse passage traversing the origins of the great vessels

CPR Exam 1 (31 decks)

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