Vaccines (Bacteriology) Flashcards
How vaccines work
- An ? is introduced into the body
- The body responds by producing antibodies to protect the horse from the ?
- When the horse gets naturally exposed, it already has the ? to fight the disease
▪ Vaccines ? diseases that can be dangerous or deadly.
▪ Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of ? by working with the body’s natural defenses to ? develop immunity to disease -> “vaccines protect by assiting with developing immunity”
Vaccines ? an infection ->
- ? never cause illness
- Stimulate immune system to produce ? and ? ->
supply of “?” T-lymphocytes and ?
How vaccines work
- An antigen is introduced into the body
- The body responds by producing antibodies to protect the horse from the antigen
- When the horse gets naturally exposed, it already has the antibodies to fight the disease
▪ Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous or deadly.
▪ Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of infection by working with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease -> “vaccines protect by assiting with developing immunity”
Vaccines imitate an infection ->
- almost never cause illness
- Stimulate immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies ->
supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes
5 types of antibodies
antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) are ?-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (?) on pathogens.
IgM: has #? immunoglobins (2 kinda chains in 1)
IgG: Binds to ?. Main blood antibody for ? responses. Crosses ?.
IgA: Secreted into ?, saliva, ?, ?. Tags pathogens for ?.
IgD: ?-cell receptor. Stimulates release of Ig?
IgE: Binds to ? cells and ?. ? and ? activity.
5 types of antibodies
antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) are Y-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (?) on pathogens.
IgM: has 5 immunoglobins (2 kinda chains in 1)
IgG: Binds to phagocytes. Main blood antibody for secondary responses. Crosses placenta.
IgA: Secreted into tears, saliva, mucous, and colostrum. Tags pathogens for destruction.
IgD: B-cell receptor. Stimulates release of IgM
IgE: Binds to mast cells and basophils. allergy and antiparasitic activity.
IgM is the very first response
first production of iGM and then few days after igG and then after secondary exposure
IgM from naive cells before secondary antigen exposure, after that igG boost, amazing rxn
IgA is an immunoglobulin that is found in ? membranes, mainly in the ? and ? tracts. It is also found in ?, tears, and ?
who are the veterans?
IgA is an immunoglobulin that is found in mucous membranes, mainly in the digestive and respiratory tracts. It is also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk
veterans are B cells and t CELLS
for question’s pic: found in saliva, tears, breast milk bc its produced by plasma cells after producing IgM and then igG and then to igA and that can be transported to epithelial and exposed to lumen so in sal
salive igA in animals, smtms igG found in saliva too due to damage of epithelium and then most of igG goes up so v imp. for immunization of respiratory disease.
here in the ANS. pic for primary response
we see that antigen activates B lymphocytes which then secretes plasma bodies that are full of antibodies and also produce memory B cell
for secondary response, we see that even more plasma cells and memory b cells are produced after encountering the infection twice.
GOALS OF VACCINATION OF ANIMALS:
COMPANION ANIMALS
▪ Health and welfare of the individual animal
LIVESTOCK
▪ Improve ? production
▪ Eliminating risk for the ? (zoonotic or
food-borne infections)
▪ Improve ? of the individual animal
WILDLIFE
▪ ? diseases
▪ ?/?
WHY VACCINATE ANIMALS
1. ? our pets: vaccines are routinely given to pets by a veterinarian, to protect them against diseases that allow them to safely remain part of our families for as long as possible
- protect ? health: at least 61% of all human infectious diseases come from animals so vaccinating animals also protects human health
- ensure the provision of safe ?: vaccines protect livestock against infectious diseases, ensuring the provision of safe and nutritious food such as eggs, milk, fish, and meat products.
GOALS OF VACCINATION OF ANIMALS:
COMPANION ANIMALS
▪ Health and welfare of the individual animal
LIVESTOCK
▪ Improve overall production
▪ Eliminating risk for the consumer (zoonotic or
food-borne infections)
▪ Improve productivity of the individual animal
WILDLIFE
▪ zoonotic diseases
▪ preservation/protection
WHY VACCINATE ANIMALS
1. safeguard our pets: vaccines are routinely given to pets by a veterinarian, to protect them against diseases that allow them to safely remain part of our families for as long as possible
- protect human health: at least 61% of all human infectious diseases come from animals so vaccinating animals also protects human health
- ensure the provision of safe food: vaccines protect livestock against infectious diseases, ensuring the provision of safe and nutritious food such as eggs, milk, fish, and meat products.
? = substance added to a vaccine to stimulate and enhance the magnitude and durability of the immune response
A. live-attenuated vaccines:
- So this are the real pathogen that pass through cultures or any other method in the lab that make it weak/attenuated every time
- So one way is to pass it in several times it to culturing the lab and pathogen will get more adapted to that conditions
- thus, virulence factors not needed anymore as they are adapting to that conditions so virulence factors get mutated
- THUS, if u expose it to antibiotics they become antibiotic resistant v easily (hence put them in 0 stress conditions so they loosen up)
- so they become less pathogenic as the factors/defences that they had against macrophages get mutated (not needed anymore) or get deleted by gene recombination
-> ANOTHER WAY TO MAKE THE PATHOGEN LESS PATHOGENIC is = freezing (-80 C) and heating (45 C) - in the end we purify them and put it in a container and then we can directly use it. Y? bc he will try to run from it so the immune system will take it and will eat it and expose all his parts to the T cells and the same story as before.
B. WHOLE CELL INACTIVATED Vx
- smtms the main target protein (virulence factors) gets lost in the process and when injected into animal, antibody not produced thus not useful so best to take real pathogen
and inactivate it wihout making it involved and then vaccination will be there! so bodies can make weapons against it - but ADJUVANT must be added and it will bring cell and eat the inactivated pathogen and produce a reaction.
C. SUBUNIT VACCINES
- we take only the subunit that is needed and put it in nonpathogenic and regular lab strain of bacteria and make the bacteria express that protein and take use the bacteria as machine to produce it like a factory and then purify that protein only and put it in vaccine with ADJUVANT - always!! AS putting just part of it (like a picture of ear then instruct to look for it) and not the whole thing!!
CONJUGATION VACCINES: not really eliciting by itslef as a subunit, not a good immune response.
so we put a vehicle with them like “phage and virus”, capsule and put the antigen that we want to have. repsonse on it and so we conjugate it and what we want is something else like a vehicle (another virus) smtms adjuvant to produce the product.
- “ Connect better to conjugate I polysaccharides (weak
Ag) to carrier protein (strong Ag) “ as sum u need a rxn against the polysaccharide so better to conjugate it (disadvantage: more costly to produce that)
online: A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a bacterial polysaccharide or peptide, which by itself is not able to induce immunological memory, to a protein carrier antigen. This results in eliciting a stronger and sustained immunological response.
TOXOID VACCINES: take a toxin and isolate it for the lab, then we mutate part of it so its not active anymore and we inject and produce a response directly NOT TO THE PATHOGEN, but to the toxin which is something secreted, its similar to subunit
- however for subunit, the toxin itself isn’t used but for toxoid Vx the toxin itself is used.
- “1. MODIFY IT, 2. THEN DETOXIFY IT 3. THEN WE EITHER CONJUGATE IT DEPENDING ON SIZE OF IT OR DIRECTLY USE IT AS Vx
neutralize the toxic and then can’t do anything to animal
so toxoid - ALWAYS NEEDS ADJUVANT;
subunit also needs it and (so does inactivated Vx)
online: Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ
sdf
What are the diff. ways vaccines can be given?
so (pic) different bacteria are targeted and sometimes are life or some are kill, some are some mucus wants, which are conjugated one and subunit and variety of types
WHY NOT ONLY LIVE ONES and so many like conjugated, etc.? Because all these trials to produce a vaccine will face the unpredictable response of the host so they produce diff ones and best is selected
intranasal vaccines
intramuscular
subcutaneous and intradermal
gastrointestinal vaccines
intranasal vaccines for respiratory diseases so will see humoral response on this side, u expect to see pathogen one day
Bordetella bronchiseptica
▪ Gram-negative bacterium colonizing the respiratory tract
▪ Dogs: Tracheobronchitis, Kennel Cough → shedding in oral and nasal secretions -> infection risk for cats ▪ Core vaccination in dogs, not routinely in cats since the infection generally causes only a mild disease
DOGS
▪ Intranasal vaccine: modified-live vaccine
▪ Parenteral vaccine: killed cellular antigen extract
There is NO vaccine for Bordetella that provides “full (or sterilie) immunity”, but vaccination still provides protection and exposed vaccinated dogs are expected to develop “milder clinical signs” if they do become infected.
Intranasal (IN) or parenterally-administered (subcutaneous, SC) Bordetella vaccines? intranasal since its a respiratory disease
→ Shelter dog vs privately-cared-for dog
→ IN vaccination
1. Only 1 dose of IN vaccine (versus 2 SC doses required, 2-4 w apart)
2. Both induce mucosa and systemic immunity as it is being applied on the nose (igA is being applied there), [whereas subcut will be dominated by systemic immunity (igG) rapid onset of
immunity with IN vaccine (SC: 2-3 w) ]
3. Mucosal vaccines are not affected by maternal antibodies (ideal for young
puppies)
4. Immunity lasts for 12 months
5. IN vaccine in combination with parainfluenza and/or adenovirus-2 ( SC
only in monovalent form)
SUBCUT BETTER AS SAFER (hand put near teeth for intranasal)
Efficacy of vaccines is determined by many factors. What can potentially lead to Vaccination Failure?
ANIMAL RELATED FACTORS:
- infection (incubating disease)
- immunosuppression caused by drugs or infectious agents
- genetic influences on immune responsiveness
- passive protection by colostrum-antibodies
(neutralization of live viral vaccines) - immunodeficient state due to developmental defects or the deleterious effects of infectious agents or toxic factors
- exposed to a heavy challenge dose of infectious agent shortly after vaccination
VACCINE-related factors
-in image
