EXAM4 Respiratory System (struc) Flashcards
Respiratory apparatus is made up of:
- Airways (air conduction):
– ? cavities
– ?
– ?
– ? and bronchial tree - Essential organs (gas exchange): Lungs
– Associated structure: ? sacs (covers the walls and the organs of the thoracic cavity)
Respiratory apparatus is made up of:
- Airways (air conduction):
– Nasal cavities
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Tracheaandbronchialtree - Essential organs (gas exchange): Lungs
– Associatedstructure: pleural sacs
philtrum is said to retain some saliva from the tongue - helps to keep nose moist
” remember: Alar fold is the lateral wing of the nostril” and in some individuals and especially some breeds, they have respiration difficulties because this fold is too big and obstructs the air intake.
3 is dorsal nasal concha
Nose – 2 nasal cavities; limits:
And I told you about the wall exactly in the middle separating this big cavity to nasal cavities left and right called nasal septum (septum means wall)
Now, what you need to also understand is that the nasal cavity has a skeleton means that it has some borders made by a bony structure e.g.
in dorsal we have “nasal bone” as shown in pic and later
laterally, maxilla is present
ventrally, hard palate is present
floor of the nasal cavity = hard palate
and the hard palate for the buckle cavity in the mouth = ?
We observe here a V-shape like aspic bone that’s called VOMER bone acting like an attachment for nasal septum which is cartiliginous
what also offers a space for attachment for the nasal septum (hint: it (Crest) comes from the nasal bone) and that part also offers attachment for nasal septum
#2 is ventral nasal concha
**both deal with respiratory tissue (function)
ethmoid conchae is more developed; depends on breeds
ventral meatus is the space under ventral nasal conc. (ventral meatus can be seen in left pic bottom); This is the largest one in all species and it can be seen when you place the nasogastric feeding tube because this one will lead you straight into the pharynx, which is the next segment of the air.
And from there, you decide if u want the esophagus for the nasogastric feeding tube or you want gastric (leading to the stomach), or the larynx and bronchii if u want to explore the explore the principal bronchi
But this point, I just want all of you to see the ventral nasal meatus, which is a space between the ventral nasal concha and the floor of the nasal cavity, THUS WITH THE TUBE ALWAYS STAY VENTRALLY (and not dorsally as it would hit the dorsal or ventral conchae)
ALSO, However, the role of convoluted like aspic, bones and mucosa that covers it which gives us dorsal nasal conchae -> is to take the air HEAT it up and CLEARS up the air from diff. particles and also humidify the air before it reaches the lungs.
Nose – role of mucosae
Respiratory mucosa (retain dust particles, humidify air, heat up air)
- Ventral nasal concha - 2
- Dorsal nasal concha - 3
Olfactory mucosa – sense of smell Located on ethmoconchae - 4
paranasal sinuses
(para means next to; so next to sinuses)
- Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavities
(PIC: 1. Maxillary recess 2. Frontal sinus)
And this one, which is called maxillary recess, is not the real sinus is just say a diverticular like aspect of the maxilla bone,
because we have frontal sinus related to the frontal lobe maxillary recess relating to the maxilla (most developed bone of face in dogs)
Right. So this is the premolar fold and in the dog is also called the carnassial tooth BUT its the MAXIALLARY CARNASSIAL TOOTH (in pic it is circled in red) because the mandibular one has a different number.
This tooth is immediately ventral to maxillary recess (not circled) so an abscess of the this root tooth, it will affect the maxillary recess as well!
Pharynx - crossroad between:
- respiratory airways
- digestive ways
(- Pharynx is a crossroad between the air and food
- the structure that allows the air to pass from the nasal cavity into the body (after the gap in pic) is the structure here called CHOANA (dont confuse it with dorsal and ventral choncha)
- CHOANA is that caudal ventral passage that will allow the air to pass from the nasal cavity into the pharynx, which is the next segment.
PIC: Now, as you see these arrows, these show across the road
- orange is for food
- blue is for air
remember that the esophagus is dorsal and lateral to the trachea which allows the air to pass in to the lungs.
pharynx has 3 segments and based on the communication of the pharynx with these 3 locations
if it communicates with nasal cavity we’re going to name it nasal pharynx, if it communicates with the buckle cavity or oral cavity then going to call it “oral pharynx”; larynx = laryngeal pharynx.
if look Rostral and straight -> oropharynx.
if look rostral and up and its the nose (dorsal to the buckle cavity) and that will be the nasal pharynx.
if look straight but caudally that will be the esophagus and there’s clear communication between the oral pharynx and the oesophagus
if look all the way down then its larynx, (under the pharynx if u want) then laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
- Placed ventrally to soft palate
- Oral limit: ? arches
- Major caudal limit: ? of epiglottis
(- soft palate #9 in pic, comes in between the nasal pharynx (top) and oral pharynx (below)
- remember that hard palate continues with the soft palate, hard palate is the one that stays up and brings food in passing it along to soft palate and then to oesophagus and closes the nasal pharynx
- palatoglossal (soft palate and glossopharyngeal; translate the terms to understand it better)
- the caudal limit? is the base of the first cartilage of the larynx, which is the epiglottis (leaf like aspect), based on this is the major caudal limit of the oral pharynx and the palatoglossal arches are the oral limit of the oral pharynx
- so as seen in pic (blue arrows) oral pharynx theres folds on both sides and when they connect it forms a “arch”
Oropharynx
- Placed ventrally to soft palate
- Oral limit: palatoglossal arches
- Major caudal limit: base of epiglottis
Nasopharynx
- Placed dorsally to soft palate
- Oral limit: Choanae
- Major caudal limit: Free border of the soft palate (not attached to anything)
- soft palate just falls and is free
the caudal limit of the nasopharynx becomes the oral (cranial) limit of the laryngopharynx.
top pic
Laryngopharynx
* Placed dorsally to larynx
* Major oral limit: Free border of soft palate
* Caudal limit: Pharyngoesophageal limen (limen means threshold; after this, shown in green line, oesophages begins hence called pharyngoesophageal limen)
top pic
Pharynx – funnel-shaped chamber divided into:
1. Oropharynx
2. Nasopharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
I want all of you to be aware of the auditory tubes and the fact that the opening of the auditory tube is found on the level of the nasal pharynx.
Larynx – cough, phonation, prevents food aspiration
- Ventral to the pharynx; suspended by the hyoid apparatus; attached to the trachea.
(larynx is made of cartilages
- You need to know that in the mammals (in birds something other than larynx is responsible for sounds) that we study: The LARYNX is responsible for formation, like producing sounds Why? Because at each level, we have the vocal folds.
Who support the larynx and what’s the connection of the larynx with the neighboring tissue? caudally trachea is present and yellow bony structure present before it (the blue structure)/cranially as seen in pic known as hyoid apparatus
TOP PIC
Larynx - Cartilages
*Made up of 4 cartilages articulated between each other and operated by a set of intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles.
PIC:
(- The thyroid one, which is like an open book.
Do memorize THE LABELS, However, just remember that we have the epiglottis, the thyroid, which is like an open book (the other side of book is behind the other side)
- ARETENOID is the only one that is paired
- last one which is in connection with the trachea is called CRICOID cartilage which is like a ring and the dorsal blade looks like sealed things (stamps) that were used in the past on mails and official documents
Larynx – internal features
- Glottis: vocal folds+part of the arytenoid cartilages
- Rima glottidis – space defined by the glottis
- The glottis is to the rima glottidis what the
doorframe (i.e. glottis) is to the doorway
- The glottis is to the rima glottidis what the
- The glottis is the narrowest segment of the larynx; can be closed
right pic: So the vocal folds will make the first V-shape, which has the opening caudally
and then arytenoid cartilage will make the second V-shape, which has the opening cranial.
So the base of each triangle will fuze forming this room?-like aspect and this is called GLOTTIS
Rima glottidis is the space and the margins forming that space is the glottis made by the vocal folds and part of the arytenoid cartilage
4. in left pic which is red present dorsally is the tracheal or trachealis muscle present inside this tube so inside is coated with mucosa)
Trachea – structure & topography
- Made up of incomplete (talking about dogs here tho) cartilaginous rings connected by tracheal (annular) ligament
- (NOT MADE UP OF BONES BUT FROM CARTILAGES
- We have the tracheal ligament also called the annular ligament that is found between two rings
TRACHEAL MUSCLE: Located on the sagittal plane, at the ventral aspect of the neck, and centrally in the thoracic cavity and centrally in the thoracic cavity needs to reach the lungs which are placed in the thoracic cavity.
when you deal with upper respiratory obstruction, you need to create a communication between the lungs and air and have to do emergency thing
so You will cut the ligament found between two rings and you’ll perform what we call tracheostomy (in animals) or tracheotomy.
** Tracheotomy is the actual cut and tracheostomy is the hole created by the cut also means mouth opening.
top pic
After trachea divides we have the bronchial tree
lobar bronchi goes into lobes
(dont memorize the ones in italics font!!!)
Lungs: essential organs of respiration
– The gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where O2 and CO2 traverse the air-blood barrier
TOP PIC
the diaphragmatic surface will have a cavity-like aspect on which the lungs sit (VENTRAL View)
Why? Because the lungs will sit on the diaphragm. And that diaphragmatic surface is a feeling that really will present like a cavity.
And we see the diaphragmatic surface. Why? Because the lungs will sit on the diaphragm. And that diaphragmatic surface will have a cavity-like aspect bc the diaphragm pushes the lungs and the lungs sit on it.
the red line is called the basal margin, over here we see the lobes (inside the red line)
Lungs comes in contact with the coastal surface thus its called the coastal surface.
Left lung lobation:
- Cranial lobe
divided into: cranial & caudal parts - Caudal lobe
(lobation means how many lobes each lung presents)
So this dome like aspect of the diaphragm kind of pushes into the lung and the lung will just sit on it. And it’s obvious if I have a prominent thing here, the puzzle? will give me a cavity here hence the diaphramatic surface is curved!
Right lung lobation:
* Cranial lobe
* Middle lobe
* Caudal lobe
* Accessory lobe
for this slide just know the systemic and pulmonary circulation
know that the aorta sends oxygenated blood to the tip of my finger from the left ventricle.
That blood returns. To the heart is deoxygenated through the caudal and cranial vena cava.
The lung plays the role of making the gas exchange and oxygenated blood comes back from the lung through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
Pleura and pleural cavities
- Each lung is pushed into a closed invaginated sac filled with a bit of fluid called ? cavity
- This sac is made up of a continuous serous membrane – the ?
– visceral or ? pleura (4)– adheres to the surface of the lung
– ? pleura (1,2,3)–adheres to the inner wall of the thorax
- Role: preventing the surface of the lungs to rub against the ? wall during breathing
(Think of the pleural fluid as “engine oil”.)
(there is a cavity that coats the serous membranes of the thoracic cavity and the lungs which is the viscera is the a.k.a. organ lung
inside the pleural sac which is closed we have pleural cavity in which there is little bit of liquid - the liquid is kind of like engine oil that prevents friction
so the lung pushes into that invaginated pleural sac which is closed so the pleural cavity is inside the sac and that pleural cavity pushes into the lung or vice versa and lung is NOT inside the sac
as sac is closed but lung is covered by a component of sac so pleura that covers lung is called visceral pleura as it is attached on the lung
but pleura that covers the walls of the thoracic cavity is going to be called “parietal (means wall) pleura”
Pleura and pleural cavities
- Each lung is pushed into a closed invaginated sac filled with a bit of fluid called pleural cavity
- This sac is made up of a continuous serous membrane – the pleura
– visceral or pulmonary pleura (4)– adheres to the surface of the lung
– parietal pleura (1,2,3)–adheres to the inner wall of the thorax
- Role: preventing the surface of the lungs to rub against the thoracic wall during breathing
