CNS, PNS & ANS Flashcards
NERVOUS SYSTEM
role:
* ? and ? all essential functions of the body
* in the ? functioning of the different parts of our body
* without the nervous system we wouldn’t be able to ?
* the most important function of the nervous system is to ? and ?
‘’The ? of environmental changes, their subsequent ? and ?, and finally, the ? of a behavioral response are the function of the nervous system, incomparably the most ? of the body systems.’’
Role:
* controls and coordinates all essential functions of the body
* in the smooth functioning of the different parts of our body
* without the nervous system we wouldn’t be able to think, feel, move or survive
* the most important function of the nervous system is to integrate and respond to the environment
‘’The detection of environmental changes, their subsequent integration and interpretation, and finally, the production of a behavioral response are the function of the nervous system, incomparably the most complicated of the body systems.’’
NERVOUS SYSTEM (NS)
function:
SENSORY
* sensory receptors used to ? changes both ? and ? of the body
who is responsible for the change?
gathered information: ?
INTEGRATIVE
* ? and ? the sensory input and ? about what should be done -INTEGRATION
MOTOR
* NS sends information to the ? (muscle, glands, internal organs)
- sensory receptors used to monitor changes both inside and outside of the body
who is responsible for the change? THE STIMULI
gathered information: sensory input
INTEGRATIVE
* process and integrate the sensory input and takes decisions about what should be done -INTEGRATION
MOTOR
* NS sends information to the effector (muscle, glands, internal organs)
what he wants from them? to respond (muscular contraction, glandular secretion)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
subdivisions
CNS: include?
PNS: include?
CNS
? and ? act like the integrating and command center of the nervous system.
Role:
to ? incoming sensory information and issue
? based on past experience and current conditions
NERVOUS SYSTEM
subdivisions
CNS: include brain and spinal chord
PNS: include spinal nerves and cranial nerves
(at level of spinal chord, sacrum segment etc. but at level of PNS we say cervical spinal nerves like sacrum for spinal chord.. like they have diff. names)
CNS
brain and spinal cord act like the integrating and command center of the nervous system.
Role:
to interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
outside or inside the CNS?
Carries ? from the ? to the
? and from the ? to effectors
-Cranial nerves: to and from the ?
-Spinal nerves: to and from the ?
Divided functionally in:
? division (also termed the
sensory component, conducts impulses toward the ?)
? division (or motor
component of the peripheral nervous
system conveys impulses away from
the ?)
Afferent and Efferent
subdivided into the ? and ? systems
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
outside the CNS
Carries impulses from the sensory receptors to the
CNS and from the CNS to effectors
-Cranial nerves: to and from the brain
-Spinal nerves: to and from the spinal cord
Divided functionally in:
afferent division (also termed the
sensory component, conducts impulses toward the brain and spinal cord)
efferent division (or motor
component of the peripheral nervous
system conveys impulses away from
the brain and the spinal cord)
Afferent and Efferent
subdivided into the SOMATIC and VISCERAL systems
SOMATIC SYSTEM
is concerned with both ? and ? functions that determine the relationship of the organism to the ?
they include the detection of ?
-> in the ?
-> in the tissues of the ? and ?
-> Behavioral actions such as ?
Somatic system
is sometimes referred to as the ?, because there is a greater conscious awareness and greater voluntary control of somatic functions than of the ? functions
Visceral system
concerned with ? and ? functions that relate to the internal viscera. E.g: the regulation of the blood pressure and heart rate, the control of glandular activity and digestive processes
the ? component of the visceral peripheral
nervous system is also referred to as the
autonomic nervous system
SOMATIC SYSTEM
is concerned with both sensory and motor functions that determine the relationship of the organism to the outside world
they include the detection of sitmuli
-> in the skin
-> in the tissues of the trunk and limbs
-> Behavioral actions such as locomotion
Somatic system
is sometimes referred to as the voluntary system, because there is a greater conscious awareness and greater voluntary control of somatic functions than of the visceral functions
Visceral system
concerned with sensory and motor functions that relate to the internal viscera. E.g: the regulation of the blood pressure and heart rate, the control of glandular activity and digestive processes
the motor component of the visceral peripheral
nervous system is also referred to as the
autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system (VISCERAL OF MOTOR NEURON; sensory’s visceral doesn’t have para and sympathetic neurons)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
- Most organs receive innervation from ? components.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic components are often described as having ? actions on each organ, although “balancing” might better describe their cooperative role.
- Visceral efferent fibers of the sympathetic division leave the central nervous system via the ? in the ? regions of the spinal cord;
- while those of the ? are found in a ? and in spinal nerves in the ? region of the spinal cord.
Many visceral efferent fibers travel to their target organ by joining with other nerves so that they obtain a very widespread peripheral distribution.
Autonomic nervous system (VISCERAL OF MOTOR NEURON; sensory’s visceral doesn’t have para and sympathetic neurons)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
- Most organs receive innervation from both components.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic components are often described as having antagonistic actions on each organ, although “balancing” might better describe their cooperative role.
- Visceral efferent fibers of the sympathetic division leave the central nervous system via the spinal nerves in the thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord;
- while those of the parasympathetic division are found in a small group of cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and in spinal nerves in the sacral region of the spinal cord.
Somatic Nervous System
Regulates the ? movement of the body
Regulates movements of the body via the ?, along with ? related to vision, smell, taste, pain, noise, touch, and temperature
Made up of the ? nerves (? nerves) and ? nerves (? nerves) that stimulate skeletal muscle movement
Divisions include the ? and the ?
Autonomic Nervous System or VISCERAL nervous sytem
Regulates the ? movement of the body
Regulates bodily functions such as ?
Made up of a complex network of ? neurons, which control glands, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles
Divisions include the ? and ?
structure of nervous system:
? are the basic elements of the nervous system
dendrite: Thin branching extensions of the ? that conduct nerve impulses ? the cell body
axon: A ? branch (in most neurons) which conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Somatic Nervous System
Regulates the voluntary movement of the body
Regulates movements of the body via the skeletal muscles, along with sensory stimuli related to vision, smell, taste, pain, noise, touch, and temperature
Made up of the afferent nerves (sensory nerves) and efferent nerves (motor nerves) that stimulate skeletal muscle movement
Divisions include the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves
Autonomic Nervous System or VISCERAL nervous sytem
Regulates the involuntary movement of the body
Regulates bodily functions such as respiratory rate, heart rate, urination, digestion, sexual arousal, pupillary response
Made up of a complex network of motor neurons, which control glands, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles
Divisions include the para. and sympa.
structure of nervous system:
neurons (nerve cells) are the basic elements of the nervous system
dendrite: Thin branching extensions of the cell body that conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body
axon: A single branch (in most neurons) which conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
what does the central canal contain?
what does the gray matter and white matter contain?
nervous sysytem has 2 structures which are?
dorsal root contains axons of ? neurons
ventral root contains axons of ? neurons
dorsal root ganglion contains ? of ? neurons
what does the central canal contain? - cerebrospinal fluid
what does the gray matter and white matter contain? gray matter: cell bodies of motor and association neurons
white matter: myelinated axons
nervous sysytem has 2 roots which are dorsal and ventral
dorsal root contains axons of sensory neurons
ventral root contains axons of motor neurons
dorsal root ganglion (the little bulge close to the peripheral nerve whose origin is at the level of the spinal cord) contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
NERVES
Based on the direction of the nerve impulse, there are:
? (afferent) nerves
? (efferent) nerves
? nerves = sensory + motor (somatic and/or autonomic)
Based on the site of emergence, there are:
? nerves (emerge from the spinal cord)
? nerves (emerge from the brain)
** NOTE! ALL OR NOT ALL? spinal nerves are mixed nerves.
ALL OR NOT ALL cranial nerves are mixed nerves. **
Cerebrum is responsible for?
cerebellum?
brain stem?
Reflex:
Does it require cerebral input?
Does not imply ?
This all happens ? you are conscious of it!
response: equires ? awareness!
5 Basic Elements of Reflex Arc:
?
NERVES
Based on the direction of the nerve impulse, there are:
sensory (afferent) nerves
motor (efferent) nerves
mixed nerves = sensory + motor (somatic and/or autonomic)
Based on the site of emergence, there are:
spinal nerves (emerge from the spinal cord)
cranial nerves (emerge from the brain)
** NOTE! ALL spinal nerves are mixed nerves.
NOT ALL cranial nerves are mixed nerves. **
Cerebrum is responsible for the conscious perception of sensory input and the initiation of conscious movement
cerebellum: coordination and fine tuning movement
brain stem: (consists of the midbrain, pons and the medulla oblangata) relay center/filters sensory input which allows us to concentrate
Reflex:
Does it require cerebral input? no
Does not imply consciousness
This all happens BEFORE you are conscious of it!
response: requires cortical awareness!
5 Basic Elements of Reflex Arc:
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector
Name the Cranial Nerves and if they are sensory or motor nerves
Pneumonym for cranial nerves
Only - Olfactory I
One - optic II
Of - oculomotor III
The - trochlear IV
Two - trigeminal V
Athletes - abducens VI
Felt - facial VII
Very - vestibulocochlear VIII
Good - glossopharyngeal IX
Victorious - Vagus X
And - accessory XI
Healthy - hypoglossal XII
sensory or motor nerves pneumonym
(s for sensory and m for motor)
Some - sensory
Say
marry
money
but
my
brother
says
big
brain
matter
more
cerebellum
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
CNS includes: ? and ?
PNS: are all ?
PNS divides into ? and ?
CNS includes: brani and spinal cord
PNS: are all nerves outside brain and spinal cord
-starting branches are cranial nerves and spinal nerves
PNS divides into motor efferent from the CNS and sensory afferent to the CNS
Sensory (afferent) divides into ? and ?
Motor (Efferent) from the CNS divides into ? and ?
Sensory (afferent) divides into visceral afferent and somatic (muscle) afferent
Motor (Efferent) from the CNS divides into ANS or visceral efferent and somatic efferent
Visceral Efferent - Autonomic Nervous System ANS (visceral means organ-y)
Involuntary
found in ? and ? muscles and ?
1 cell body in the ? of CNS
1 cell body in a ?
#? neurons
Somatic Efferent (somatic means ?)
Voluntary
apperance?/skeletal muscles
Cell body in the gray matter of CNS
#? neuron
ANS divides into ? and ?
Which one is fight or flight among these 2?
Visceral Efferent - Autonomic Nervous System ANS
Involuntary
found in smooth and cadiac muscles and glands
1 cell body in the gray matter of CNS
1 cell body in a ganglioin
2 neurons
Somatic Efferent (somatic means ?)
Voluntary
striated/skeletal muscles
Cell body in the gray matter of CNS
1 neuron
ANS divides into parasympathetic and sympathetic
Which one is fight or flight among these 2? = sympathetic (sympathy towards prey leave it alone or not)
parasympathetic: rest and digest/homeostasis
ALL or A FEW spinal nerves are mixed?
how about cranial nerves?
PNS
Includes ALL nerves, ?, plexi ? of the CNS
Nerves in body are called ?
(C7 T13 L7 S5? - RECHECK)
#? cervical nerves
#? thoracic
#? lumbar
#? sacral
#? caudal (coccygeal)
Nerves in head called ? nerves (I-XII)
ALL spinal nerves are mixed!
how about cranial nerves? - some sensory some motor
PNS
Includes ALL nerves, ganglion, plexi outside of the CNS
Nerves in body are called spinal nerves
(C7 T13 L7 S5? - RECHECK)
8 cervical nerves
13 thoracic
7 lumbar
3 sacral
5 caudal (coccygeal)
Nerves in head called cranial nerves (I-XII)
Cells of Peripheral Nervous System
- Neurons = ?
- Sensory (afferent) division transmits impulses toward the ?.
- Motor (efferent) division transmits impulses toward ?, ? and ?
Cells of Peripheral Nervous System
- Neurons = nerve cells
- Sensory (afferent) division transmits impulses toward the CNS
- Motor (efferent) division transmits impulses toward organs, glands and muscles
image: know cell body is where the nucleus is and tail is the axon and cell body; for right image, know what motor (from CNS to outwards) and sensory neuron (to CNS) looks like
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
rami branches:
* Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the ?, the ? ramus, and the ramus communicans (see where this is present in bottom pic).
* Each of these three structures carries ? and ? information.
* The ? is the dorsal branch of a spinal nerve and carries information to and from ? structures.
* The ventral ramus is the ventral branch of a spinal nerve and carries information to and from the rest of the body.???
(IN THE IMAGE IN ANS, note where the communication branch is (top right pic of 2nd pic; AND DON’T MIX UP ROOT & RAMUS!)
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
rami branches:
* Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, the ventral ramus, and the ramus communicans (see where this is present in bottom pic).
* Each of these three structures carries both sensory and motor information.
* The dorsal ramus is the dorsal *branch of a spinal nerve and carries information to and from *epaxial structures.
* The ventral ramus is the ventral *branch of a spinal nerve and carries information to and from the rest of the body.
Nerve Plexi and Phrenic Nerve
- A nerve plexus is a ? intersecting nerves.
Ex – brachial plexus - It ensures that all part of the body are ?.
- They combine sets of ? rami of spinal nerves that serve the ? of the body.
- Root values of the phrenic nerve are ?
Motor Subdivision of PNS
Visceral efferent output takes #? neurons
Somatic efferent output takes #? neuron
Nerve Plexi and Phrenic Nerve
- A nerve plexus is a network or bundle of intersecting nerves.
Ex – brachial plexus - It ensures that all part of the body are innervated.
- They combine sets of ventral rami of spinal nerves that serve the same area of the body.
- Root values of the phrenic nerve are C5, C6, C7
Motor Subdivision of PNS
Visceral efferent output takes 2 neurons
Somatic efferent output takes 1 neuron
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Visceral Efferent
- Is part of the nervous system dealing with ‘ ? ’ control of body functions (eg. gut movement, ? etc)
- Not ? under conscious control
- Innervates ? list 3
- Has at least #? neurons
- Has two divisions (? and ?)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Visceral Efferent
- Is part of the nervous system dealing with ‘ automatic ’ control of body functions (eg. gut movement, breathiing etc)
- Not generally under conscious control
- Innervates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
- Has at least 2 neurons
- Has two divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Autonomic nervous system - ANS
Two Neuron System
1. ? neuron
* Cell body is ? the CNS
* Axon exits the CNS; synapses onto a ** ? ** in a * ? * (look at pic for more clarity)
- ?
* Cell body is inside an ?
* Axon targets ?
Which one does each do?
dilate & constrict pupils?
inhibit and stimulate salivation?
decrease and increase heartbeat?
constrict and dilate airways?
stimulates and inhibits stomach activities?
inhibit and stimulate gallbladder?
stimulate and inhibit intestine activities?
contract and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine?
relax and stimulate genitals?
Two Neuron System
1. Preganglionic/Presynaptic neuron
* Cell body is inside the CNS
* Axon exits the CNS; synapses onto a second autonomic neuron in a ganglion
- Postganglionic/Post-synaptic neuron
* Cell body is inside an autonomic ganglion (bulge)
* Axon targets smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
dilate: sympathetic
constrict pupils: paras.
inhibit: sympathetic
and stimulate salivation: para
decrease: parasym.
and increase heartbeat: sympathetic
constrict: paras.
and dilate airways: symp.
stimulates: parasy.
and inhibits stomach activities: symp.
inhibit: symp.
and stimulate gallbladder: parasy.
stimulate: paras.
and inhibit intestine activities: symp.
contract bladder: parasymp.
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine: symp.
relax bladder: sympathetic
stimulate genitals: parasym.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Fight or flight
- Pre-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in the * ? * region of the spinal cord - Post-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in identifiable
** ?, ? or ? ** separate from the target organ - Often referred to as the ? system
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A preganglionic sympathetic axon may synapse on a postganglionic cell body in a ? ganglion, not necessarily in the ? one.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Fight or flight
- Pre-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in the * thoracolumbar * region of the spinal cord - Post-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in identifiable
** cervical, thoracic or abdominal ganglia ** separate from the target organ - Often referred to as the thoracolumbar system
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A preganglionic sympathetic axon may synapse on a postganglionic cell body in a remote ganglion, not necessarily in the closest one.
SYMPATHETIC TRUNK/CHAIN GANGLIA
located on ? side of vertebral column
sympathetic goes through the ? branch where each cell body is for ? and ? and where the ganglion is (where passing of baton happens)
in sympathetic can see where ganglion is but in ? its hidden
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PsNS)
* Rest and digest – proper term: ?
- Pre-ganglionic neurons
Nerve ? are in the ? and ? region of the spinal cord
Nerve ? are in ? III, VII, IX, X (3, 7, 9 and 10) and ? spinal nerves - ?
Nerve cell bodies are in the ? on the structures ? (not visible) - Often referred to as the ? system
SYMPATHETIC TRUNK/CHAIN GANGLIA
located on either side of vertebral column
sympathetic goes through the communicative branch where each cell body is for preganglionic and postganglion and where the ganglion is (where passing of baton happens)
in symp. can see where ganglion is but in parasympathetic its hidden
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PsNS)
* Rest and digest – proper term: homeostasis
- Pre-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Nerve fibers are in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (3, 7, 9 and 10) and sacral spinal nerves - post-ganglionic neurons
Nerve cell bodies are in the terminal ganglia on the structures innervated (not visible) - Often referred to as the craniosacral system
[Craniosacral system aka PARASYMP.
Post-ganglionic directly on target organ: PARASYMP; see pic next one]
[Craniosacral system aka PARASYMP.
Post-ganglionic directly on target organ: PARASYMP
