Struc. Func. Meninges

Question 1

MENINGES

central nervous system
(1) ? (2) ?

peripheral nervous system
(3) ? nerves

The peripheral nervous system is divided into:

(4) ? or ? system
(5) ? or ? system

The brain and spinal cord are contained within a ? space provided by the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal.

Answer 1

central nervous system
(1) brain (2) spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
(3) peripheral nerves

The peripheral nervous system is divided into
(4) sensory or afferent system
(5) motor or efferent system

The brain and spinal cord are contained within a continuous space provided by the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal.

Question 2

Answer 2

1. spinal cord
2. dorsal root
3. ventral root
4. spinal nerve
5. dorsal branch of spinal n. 7. ventral branch of spinal n. 8. body of vertebra
6. epaxial muscles

Question 3

Spinal cord and CAUDA EQUINA

• Spinal cord ends around
  ? junction.
• The spinal nerves after * ? * travel caudally within the vertebral canal.
• They exit when they reach their corresponding ?.
• This cluster of spinal nerves is known as cauda equina because it looks like a ?

Answer 3

Spinal cord and CAUDA EQUINA

• Spinal cord ends around
  lumbosacral junction.
• The spinal nerves after * L7 * travel caudally within the vertebral canal.
• They exit when they reach their corresponding vertebrae.
• This cluster of spinal nerves is known as cauda equina because it looks like a horse’s tail

Question 4

Meninges
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 continuous membranes of connective tissue called ?.

1. DURA MATER
   Dura mater – is the ? and ? layer.
   In the ? the dura is separated from the ? of the bony canal.
   Inside the cranial cavity, the dura and the periosteum are ?.
2. ARACHNOID (spider = arach; think spider webs)
   The arachnoid is attached to the ? and sends delicate ? to the pia.
   These trabeculae have ? that course on the surface of the pia.
3. PIA MATER
   ? meningeal layer.
   Intimately follows the brain’s ? and ? (bumps and grooves). Pia is the region of some ? production.

Note:
A 4th membrane which is not a meninx is the periosteum lining the vertebral canal.

Answer 4

Meninges
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 continuous membranes of connective tissue called ?meninges

1. DURA MATER
   Dura mater – is the outermost and thickest layer.
   In the vertebral canal the dura is separated from the PERIOSTEUM of the bony canal.
   Inside the cranial cavity, the dura and the periosteum are attached.
2. ARACHNOID (spider = arach; think spider webs)
   The arachnoid is attached to the dura and sends delicate trabeculae to the pia.
   These trabeculae have blood vessels that course on the surface of the pia.
3. PIA MATER
   innermost meningeal layer.
   Intimately follows the brain’s grooves and sulci (bumps and grooves). Pia is the region of some CSF production.

Note:
A 4th membrane which is not a meninx is the periosteum lining the vertebral canal.

Question 5

P A D (innermost to outermost; think female cycling)

Question 6

where is the epidural and subarachnoid space?

is red line the dura mater or periosteum?

is blue bline the dura mater or periosteum?

what is the yellow line -> pia mater or arachnoid?

what is the green line (v faint) in the center?

subarachnoid space is between the ? and ?

where is the olfactory nerve in 2nd pic?

Answer 6

Olfactory nerve
(surrounded by meninges) Clinical: Possible route for meningitis! Nose to brain connection.

Question 7

CSF Function

*Shock absorption: the CSF encasing the brain ? the shock so that it does not ? against the skull.

*Nutrition: CSF supplies the ? with essential nutrients, such as ?, ?, lipids, and ?.

*Intracranial pressure: A steady flow of CSF keeps the ? around the brain ?. Too much CSF, possibly due to a traumatic brain injury or brain tumor, raises ?

*Waste removal: CSF washes through the ? space, cleaning up ? and ?

*Temperature: CSF circulation keeps the temperature of your brain and spine ?.

*Immune Function: CSF contains numerous ? that monitor the central nervous system for ? that could damage vital organs.

Answer 7

CSF Function

*Shock absorption: the CSF encasing the brain absorbs the shock so that it does not smack against the skull.

*Nutrition: CSF supplies the CNS with essential nutrients, such as proteins, glucose, lipids, and electrolytes.

*Intracranial pressure: A steady flow of CSF keeps the pressure around the brain stable. Too much CSF, possibly due to a traumatic brain injury or brain tumor, raises intracranial pressure.

*Waste removal: CSF washes through the subarachnoid space, cleaning up toxins and waste products

*Temperature: CSF circulation keeps the temperature of your brain and spine stable.

*Immune Function: CSF contains numerous immune cells that monitor the central nervous system for foreign agents that could damage vital organs.

Question 8

CerebroSpinal Fluid

• Clear colorless CSF is formed from the blood plasma by ultrafiltration through the “? barrier” at the choroid plexuses.
• Gross visual examination: Normal CSF is ?, ?, and ?. It has the consistency of ?.
• Cloudy indicates ? and/or ?.

CSF Sampling Sites include ? (associated pic given in answer)

Answer 8

CerebroSpinal Fluid

• Clear colorless CSF is formed from the blood plasma by ultrafiltration through the “blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier” at the choroid plexuses.
• Gross visual examination: Normal CSF is colorless, odorless, and clear. It has the consistency of water.
• Cloudy indicates infection and/or inflammation.

CSF Sampling Sites include ? (associated pic given in answer) ->
1. Cerebellomedullary cistern
2. Sacral cistern (also called lumbar cistern)

Question 9

CSF Sampling Sites - Equine

• CSF collection from the ? anesthesia.
• The ? space is located just caudal to the poll, on the dorsal midline, at the level of the wings of the atlas.

The ? space is usually accessed in the awake, standing patient; this avoids the risk of recovery from general anesthesia.
However, the lumbosacral space is technically more difficult to enter, and patients may display violent reactions to pain from the procedure. ? is needed

Epidural Anesthesia - says won’t be tested on this (only on pic tho)

• Usedinobstetricstonumbthe pudendal nerve to prevent excessive straining.
• Beespeciallycarefulnottopiercethe cauda equina (way too many nerves).
• Avoidhittingthevenoussinus(blood vessels within vertebral canal).
• ShouldnotinjectintoCSF(brain connection).
• Avoidfemoral,obturatorandsciatic nerves.

Answer 9

CSF Sampling Sites - Equine

• CSF collection from the general anesthesia.
• The atlantooccipital space is located just caudal to the poll, on the dorsal midline, at the level of the wings of the atlas.

The lumbosacral space is usually accessed in the awake, standing patient; this avoids the risk of recovery from general anesthesia.
However, the lumbosacral space is technically more difficult to enter, and patients may display violent reactions to pain from the procedure. Sedation is needed