Lymphatic system (Struc) Flashcards
The lymphatic system has two components:
- The first is a system of lymphatic ? and ? vessels that return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
- The second comprises a variety of widely scattered aggregations of ? tissue, including the many lymph nodes and less discrete lymphoid aggregations, such as tonsils.
The lymphatic system has two components:
- The first is a system of lymphatic capillaries and larger vessels that return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
- The second comprises a variety of widely scattered aggregations of lymphoid tissue, including the many lymph nodes and less discrete lymphoid aggregations, such as tonsils.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
- Is part of the ? system
- Is an important part of the ? system (provides specific and non-specific defense mechanisms)
- Formed by a large network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear ? called lymph directionally
towards the ? (right atrium) - Lympha (Latin) meaning “?“
- The circulating lymphocytes (? and
?), as well as the lymphocytes and ? cells spread across the body, also participate in this protective system
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
- Is part of the vascular system
- Is an important part of the immune system (provides specific and non-specific defense mechanisms)
- Formed by a large network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph directionally
towards the heart (** right atrium **) - Lympha (Latin) meaning “ water “
- The circulating lymphocytes (T and
B), as well as the lymphocytes and plasma cells spread across the body, also participate in this protective system
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
It includes all the lymphatic organs:
* ?
* tonsils
* ?
* lymph nodes
* ? nodes
* the ? lymphatic tissue
* lymphatic ?
layman’s term preferred in exam
Thymus – lobed organ with temporary function, placed in the ? area (different topography in species), starting from the dorsal ? aspect towards the ventral cervical area.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
It includes all the lymphatic organs:
* thymus
* tonsils
* spleen
* lymph nodes
* hemal nodes
* the diffuse lymphatic tissue
* lymphatic nodules
Thymus – lobed organ with temporary function, placed in the cervicothoracic area (different topography in species), starting from the dorsal sternal aspect towards the ventral cervical area.
Tonsils - less discrete lymphoid aggregations
the yellow thing in pic are palatine tonsils (on the right as well)
The spleen
* part of the ? system placed at the level of the ? cavity, in relationship with the ?
* importance in storage, release and concentration of the ?
* produce ? and ?
Hemal nodes
* are small or large? lymphatic bodies resembling lymph nodes in their structure
* thin or thick? capsule present
* found in the course of blood ?
* are ? found in all species and
are most familiar in ?
* the afferent and efferent lymphatics are ? (? lymphatic vessels)
* found in some animals in relation to their abdominal and ? viscera
* hemal nodes may represent an
intermediate stage between a lymph node and the ?
The spleen
* part of the lymphoepithelial system placed at the level of the abdominal cavity, in relationship with the stomach
* importance in storage, release, and concentration of the erythrocytes
* produce lymphocytes and monocytes
Hemal nodes
* are small lymphatic bodies resembling lymph nodes in their structure
* thin capsule present
* found in the course of blood vessels
* are NOT found in all species and
are most familiar in sheep
* the afferent and efferent lymphatics are absent (NO lymphatic vessels)
* found in some animals in relation to their abdominal and thoracic viscera
* hemal nodes may represent an
intermediate stage between a lymph node and the spleen
The diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules
- present in many ? membranes (?, intestine, prepuce, and ? and other parts of the female tract)
- no capsule present
- MALT - also called ?-associated ? tissue
The diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules
- present in many mucous membranes (larynx, intestine, prepuce, and vagina and other parts of the female tract)
- no capsule present
- MALT - also called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
LYMPH TISSUE
3 types
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
No ? present
Found in ? tissue of almost all
organs
Lymphatic nodules
No ? present
?-shaped masses
Found singly or in ? (Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphatic nodules that occur in the mucosa that lines the ileum of the small intestine - DJ”I”)
Lymphatic organs
? present
Lymph ?, ?, thymus gland
LYMPH TISSUE
3 types
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
No capsule present
Found in connective tissue of almost all
organs
Lymphatic nodules
No capsule present
oval-shaped masses
Found singly or in clusters (Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphatic nodules that occur in the mucosa that lines the ileum of the small intestine - DJ”I”)
Lymphatic organs
capsule present
Lymph node, spleen, thymus gland
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
What does the lymphatic circulatory system mean?
A: Network of lymph ? and ? ?
Role?
A: Collects ? fluid (fluid found in the spaces around cells), ? material, and other things (like viruses and bacteria) that are in the body tissues, outside the bloodstream.
A: ? carry the clear watery fluid called lymph.
Lymph??!!
A: ? of the blood plasma; lymph is the term used to describe ? fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system.
Lymph is similar in composition to blood plasma, but has less ?.
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
What does the lymphatic circulatory system mean?
A: Network of lymph nodes and lymph vessels
Role?
A: Collects interstitial fluid (fluid found in the spaces around cells), waste material, and other things (like viruses and bacteria) that are in the body tissues, outside the bloodstream.
A: Vessels carry the clear watery fluid called lymph.
Lymph??!!
A: ultrafiltration of the blood plasma; lymph is the term used to describe interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system.
Lymph is similar in composition to blood plasma, but has less protein.
lymph is the ultrafiltration of blood plasma (filtering out proteins)
What is the role of the lymph vessels?
A: Lymph vessels draw up the ? from ? the cells to send it towards the ?. There, lymph fluid collects into a large ? (Chyli cistern, thoracic duct) that drains into the cranial ? ? that opens in the heart.
!!!!Lymph fluid would ? and cause ? if it were not drained in some way. That’s the role of the lymph ?!!!!
Lymph nodes and what they do
A: Small structures placed on the trajectory of the lymph vessels that work as ? for harmful substances. They contain ? cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph ?.
A: Compared by anatomists with a ?
A: Usually placed in relations with different ? and ?
What is the role of the lymph vessels?
A: Lymph vessels draw up the lymph fluid from around the cells to send it towards the chest. There, lymph fluid collects into a large vessesl (Chyli cistern, thoracic duct) that drains into the cranial ? ? that opens in the heart.
!!!!Lymph fluid would build up and cause SWELLING if it were not drained in some way. That’s the role of the lymph VESSELS !!!!
Lymph nodes and what they do
A: Small structures placed on the trajectory of the lymph vessels that work as filters for harmful substances. They contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid.
A: Compared by anatomists with a pearl chain
A: Usually placed in relation to different arteries and veins.
- We have these lymphatic capillaries very, very small lymphatic vessels that will are interlaced with arterioles and venules (small arteries and veins)
- The blood plasma will ultafiltrate forming that lymph or interstitial fluid
- IF swims around the yellow cells at the top in pic with brown thing in center
- the green lean ones present below it (yellow cell) are the endothelial cells that will form the lymphatic vessels
- the interstitial fluid will go through the space between overlapping endothelial cells (endothelial flap) and into the empty space in between the vessels
THUS, endothelial vessels will build the lymphatic vessels; the endothelial vessels have these spaces between them, and those spaces will allow the interstitial fluid to get inside the lymphatic vessels.
in pic it shows the thing labelled in between the lymphatic vessels as “Lymph (interstitial fluid)” which is CORRECT!
many authors say that it’s a real lymph only after it passes through at least one lymph node, to be enriched with lymphocytes.
- Now, what we also see at this valves -> will prevent the backflow.
- The pressure found that the level of the lymphatic vessels is a low pressure So in order to prevent the backflow, we have this bucket like aspect.
- valves that will hold the lymph there between two let’s say movements of allowing the interstitial fluid to get to the inside, causing a pressure and pushing up, up, up. This valve system is very well developed at the extremities like limbs which is superior in humans or thoracic and hind limbs in animals.
out of arteries and veins which ones part of returning circulation -> VEINS (back into heart, deoxygenated blood)
Now, veins will also have a valve system to prevent the backflow of the veins blood espeically small ones, esp. ones found in extremeties, lower parts.
second pic:
- afferent brings lymph into lymph node and enriches it with lymph (artery enters the hylus? of the lymph node and
vein and lymph node will exit the hylus of the lymph node
- efferent leaves the lymph node with that lymph (efferent becomes afferent from the next lymph node)
- internodal connections: between the nodes
If the lymph is not collected from this region to this lymph node and another lymph node and eventually a that large VESSELS that I specified it will build up and swelling, - edema! (lymph VESSELS RESPONSIBLE for this)
Why it is important to include the lymph nodes in the examinations of the small animals and not only?
A: When there’s a problem, such as infection, injury, or cancer, immune-mediated diseases, allergic reactions, skin diseases the node or the group of lymph nodes in that area may swell or enlarge as they work to filter out the “bad” cells. This may be called lymphadenopathy. Swollen lymph nodes tell you that something is not right, but other symptoms help pinpoint the problem. For instance, ear pain, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes near the patient ear are clues that the patient may have an ear infection.
A: one of the principal way for the spread of cancer
Why it is important to include the lymph nodes in the examinations of the small animals and not only?
A: When there’s a problem, such as infection, injury, or cancer, immune-mediated diseases, allergic reactions, skin diseases the node or the group of lymph nodes in that area may swell or enlarge as they work to filter out the “bad” cells. This may be called lymphadenopathy.
Swollen lymph nodes tell you that something is not right, but other symptoms help pinpoint the problem. For instance, ear pain, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes near the patient ear are clues that the patient may have an ear infection.
A: one of the principal way for the spread of cancer
so its imp. to remove lymph node that is associated with the part of the body that is being affected with cancer e.g So the axillary lymph node is a mask to remove in the case of breast cancer.
Now, when you remove the lymph nodes, you deal with a secondary effect. That means lymphedema, because you destroy the lymphatic vessels and the lymph nodes and there will be no one there to collect the lymph. This happens immediately after you remove a tumor and the lymph node that will drain the area where the tumor was.
know the location!
Examination of the palpable lymph nodes in dogs
manidublar (found at angle of jaw)
prescapular
axillary
inguinal
popliteal
So don’t stress with the inconstant ones. However, you still need to know their location and what’s on the last slide, I will tell you.
KNOW THE LOCATION!!
What we have here is the cat not responsible for the cat.
However, its place here just to observe some differences between dog and cat.
You see, the cat has all the time. The accessory axillary is not inconstant like it’s in the dog
and a side of the anal lymph center.
When you have more lymph nodes draining almost the same area, they will form a lymph center and not lymph node! and 6 is extra, compared with what we had in the dog 6 is the caudal epigastric lymph node.
So that one is found that the mammary one is found at the base of the last bit of mammary gland.
Bob detail. We just talked about it and the one that we did not have on the previous slide is the femoral one, which is also inconstant.
Can veterinarians palpate all lymph nodes?
A: No, because they are palpable that (deep to the skin but still superficial) only in the loose subcutaneous tissues
Things we need to know before examinations:
1) size will vary with location, age and species
2) bean shaped and smooth contour
3) some of them are hard to locate
(so if we feel diff shapes and not smooth then prob some issue)
So we palpate the mandibular and the other finger is at the level of the wing of the ATLAS So it palpates the retropharyngeal one as well. Some examples here of like I said tooth abscess, you can expect the mandibular one.
IF: the right mandibular lymph node (the node just below the jaw) is enlarged,
- the right side of the mouth should be examined carefully.
POSSIBLE PROBLEM:
- a tooth root abscess involving a tooth on
the right side
IF: all of the lymph nodes involving the head region are enlarged
POSSIBLE PROBLEM:
- a more diffuse illness involving the head,
such as an upper respiratory infection, would be something to consider.
if the whitish thing in pic in the 1st pic does not allow the x ray to pass through it then what is it?
It is the give me the name. We are caudal to the stifle semitendinous and biceps muscle, popliteal area popliteal lymph node.
They are one. If if the vessels are destroyed, the lymph node is destroyed as seen in right most pic and vessels no longer collecting lymph and they dont take the lymph to the medial iliac lymph node, which dumps in the Kali system so it builds up as seen in right leg in middle pic.
And this in humans is called elephantiasis.
only responsible for the ones that are palpable
dont memorize the size (just for comparison -To know that if the parotid in lymph center or lymph node, it’s bigger than between one and two centimeters.
You deal with the problem of the all. Of course, you have to take in consideration also the size of the individual might be as huge dog.
Okay. So canines and don’t stress with their size, stress with where you find all of them.
All of you need to be able to see where is the popliteal lymph node from between these muscles, these muscles, that region.
do the practice question
