Large animal GI tract anatomy (Struc) Flashcards

1
Q

ORAL CAVITY IN LARGE ANIMALS

  • like in small animals it has two segments: ? vestibule, oral ? proper
  • in horses the ? palate (6) is very long;
  • it hangs down before the epiglottis (11);
  • its free margin is closely applied to the tongue;
  • in ? – the upper ? teeth lacks;
  • at the level of the inner face of the lips and cheeks- ? papillae (3);
A

ORAL CAVITY IN LARGE ANIMALS

  • like in small animals it has two segments: oral vestibule, oral cavity proper
  • in horses the soft palate (6) is very long;
  • it hangs down before the epiglottis (11);
  • its free margin is closely applied to the tongue;
  • in ruminants – the upper incisor teeth lacks;
  • at the level of the inner face of the lips and cheeks- buccal papillae (3);
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2
Q

The tongue

In horses
* is ?;
* is ? at its apex;
* its upper surface is covered with delicate ? papillae that confer a ? texture;
* ? papillae (10);
* ? papillae (9);
* ? papillae (11);

A

The tongue

In horses
* is long;
* is spatulate at its apex;
* its upper surface is covered with delicate filliform papillae that confer a velvetlike texture;
* vallate papillae (10);
* foliate papillae (9);
* fungiform papillae (11);

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3
Q

TONGUE

In ruminants
* the caudal part is raised, and form the ? ? (3);
* rostral- ? fossa (arrowhead);
* the dorsal aspect of the tongue is strongly ?;

  • Filiform papillae (b)- are ?;
  • Fungiform papillae (c)- along the ? of the apex and body and scattered between the ? papillae;
  • Vallate papillae (f, g)- 8-21 in cattle on each side;
  • Foliate papillae – are absent in ruminants !!!
  • Lenticular and conical papillae (e) – cover the lingual torus in ruminant;
A

TONGUE

In ruminants
* the caudal part is raised, and form the lingual torus (3);
* rostral- lingual fossa (arrowhead);
* the dorsal aspect of the tongue is strongly keratinized;

  • Filiform papillae (b)- are keratinized;
  • Fungiform papillae (c)- along the edges of the apex and body and scattered between the filiform papillae;
  • Vallate papillae (f, g)- 8-21 in cattle on each side (pink ones in pic)
  • FOLIATE PAPILLAE – are ABSENT in ruminants !!!
  • Lenticular and conical papillae (e) – cover the lingual torus in ruminant;
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4
Q

DENTITION

Brachydont type
? crowns, well-developed ?, and an obvious division between the crown and root (carnivores / humans)

Hypsodont type
?-crowned teeth and enamel extend deep to the ? line, providing extra material for future ? and ?. (Ruminants / Equine)

A

DENTITION

Brachydont type
short crowns, well-developed roots, and an obvious division between the crown and root (carnivores / humans)

Hypsodont type
high-crowned teeth and enamel extend deep to the gum line, providing extra material for future wear and tear. (Ruminants / Equine)

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5
Q

Dentition: Divide mouth into 4 quadrants

DENTAL FORMULA IN HORSES

3 - 1 - 3(4) - 3/ 3-1-3-3

incisors, canine, premolar, molar

Diastema: the wide ? that separates the ? from the cheek teeth; may be interrupted by the canine tooth.

Triadan numbering system
(see pic)
note: in small animals its until 110 and 210 however in large animals its until 111 and 211 same as the lower ones

(recall in small animals -> 3 - 1 - 4 - 2 / 3 - 1 - 4 - 3 so there’s lesser number of premolars in large animals and upper of large animal has 1 more molar as compared to small)

A

Dentition: Divide mouth into 4 quadrants

DENTAL FORMULA IN HORSES

3 - 1 - 3(4) - 3/ 3-1-3-3

incisors, canine, premolar, molar

Diastema: the wide gap that separates the incisor from the cheek teeth; may be interrupted by the canine tooth.

Triadan numbering system
(see pic)
note: in small animals its until 110 and 210 however in large animals its until 111 and 211 same as the lower ones

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6
Q

wolf tooth

-is a component of the ? dentition;
-is the first ? (?1);
-often fails to ?;
-almost invariably confined to the ? jaw;
-it is without ? significance;
-it is easily ?.

A

wolf tooth

-is a component of the permanent dentition;
-is the first premolar (P1);
-often fails to devleop;
-almost invariably confined to the upper jaw;
-it is without functional significance;
-it is easily extracted.

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7
Q

dental formula in cattles

0-0-3-3/3-1-3-3

  • absence of ? and ? teeth in the upper jaw
  • the assimilation of the canines to the incisors in the lower jaw;
  • the fourth or corner incisor; -> “what does he mean by that”
    • upper and lower first premolar teeth fail to develop (that’s why in small animals there 4 premolar teeth on lower and upper jaw and only 3 in large animals)

The upper incisors are replaced by the ? ? (2). It is specific for both, large and small ruminant.

A

dental formula in cattles

0-0-3-3/3-1-3-3

  • absence of canine and incisor teeth in the upper jaw
  • the assimilation of the canines to the incisors in the lower jaw;
  • the fourth or corner incisor; -> “what does he mean by that”
    • upper and lower first premolar teeth fail to develop (that’s why in small animals there 4 premolar teeth on lower and upper jaw and only 3 in large animals)

The upper incisors are replaced by the dental pad (2). It is specific for both, large and small ruminant.

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8
Q

EQUINE STOMACH

Simple stomach;

It has a ? size, in relation to the animal and to the volume of fodder consumed;

The interior is divided in two areas;

Non-? part of the stomach, is covered by squamous epithelium and the ? part covered by ? ?;

The border between these parts - ? ? (4).

The ** ? ** is well developed- is responsible for the horse’s inability to eructate or vomit;

? ? and ? segment of the stomach can be parasitized by ? larvae.

A

EQUINE STOMACH

Simple stomach;

It has a small size, in relation to the animal and to the volume of fodder consumed;

The interior is divided in two areas;

Non-glandular part of the stomach, is covered by squamous epithelium and the glandular part covered by glandular mucosa;

The border between these parts - margo plicatus (4).

The ** cardiac sphincter ** is well developed- is responsible for the horse’s inability to eructate or vomit;

margo plicatus and pyloric segment of the stomach can be parasitized by botfly larvae.

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9
Q

BOVINE STOMACH

Is composed of four chambers:
rumen (4);
reticulum (1);
omasum (2) ;
abomasum (3);
The rumen, reticulum, and omasum- are known as ? while ? is the known as the real stomach

The rumen (4)
* It is a huge ? chamber;
* placed on the ? side of the ? cavity;
* it extends from * ? * to the * ? *;
* it continues with the reticulum-> ?-reticular orifice.
* the left and right longitudinal groves- divides rumen in ? ruminal sac and ? ruminal sac.

A

BOVINE STOMACH

Is composed of four chambers:
rumen (4);
reticulum (1);
omasum (2) ;
abomasum (3);
The rumen, reticulum, and omasum- are known as forestomach while abomassum is the known as the real stomach

The rumen (4)
* It is a huge fermentation chamber;
* placed on the left side (flipped on the image) of the abdominal cavity;
* it extends from *cardia * to the * pelvic inlet *;
* it continues with the reticulum-> rumino-reticular orifice.
* the left and right longitudinal groves- divides rumen in dorsal ruminal sac and ventral ruminal sac.

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10
Q

The reticulum (1)

  • it is the second ?;
  • placed on the right or left? side of the ? cavity;
  • cranially is bordered by ? muscle;
  • caudally is bordered by the ?;
  • communicates with the ? (rumino-reticular orifice) and with the ? (reticulo-omasal orifice).
  • the reticular mucosa has a ? appearance;
A

The reticulum (1)

  • it is the second forestomach;
  • placed on the left side of the abdominal cavity;
  • cranially is bordered by diaphragm muscle;
  • caudally is bordered by the rumen;
  • communicates with the rumen (rumino-reticular orifice) and with the omasum (reticulo-omasal orifice).
  • the reticular mucosa has a honeycomb appearance;
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11
Q

Stomach

The omasum (2)
* it is the ? forestomach;
* placed on the ? side of the ? cavity;
* It is ? in shape;
* It has two curvatures: ? curvature and ? curvature;
* communicates with the reticulum (** ?-? orifice **) and with the abomasum ( ** ? orifice **);
* It is under cover of the ?th – 11th ribs.

A

Stomach

The omasum (2)
* it is the third forestomach;
* placed on the left side of the abdominal cavity;
* It is spherical in shape;
* It has two curvatures: greater curvature and lesser curvature;
* communicates with the reticulum (** reticulo-omasal orifice **) and with the abomasum ( ** omasoabomasal orifice **);
* It is under cover of the 8th – 11th ribs.

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12
Q

The abomasum (3)

  • it is the ? compartment of the bovine stomach;
  • of the 4 compartments, the Abomasum resembles the ? stomach most closely.
  • placed on the ? side of the abdominal cavity;
  • it looks like an ? sac;
  • it is in direct contact with the abdominal floor;
  • it has three segments: ?, ?, and ? part.
  • all three segments are covered by ? mucosa
  • it continues with the ?.
A

The abomasum (3)

  • it is the last compartment of the bovine stomach;
  • of the 4 compartments, the Abomasum resembles the monogastric stomach most closely.
  • placed on the right side of the abdominal cavity;
  • it looks like an elongated sac;
  • it is in direct contact with the abdominal floor;
  • it has three segments: fundus, body and pyloric part.
  • all three segments are covered by glandular mucosa
  • it continues with the duodenum
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13
Q

pic:

cecum is horse is comma-shaped and is huge

A
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14
Q

LARGE INTESTINE IN HORSES

The cecum
- is the first segment of the ? intestine;
- placed on the ? side of the abdomen;
-it occupies the ? flank region;
- it is a ?-shaped organ;
- *** it has three segments: ?, ? and a ? blind ?;
- it presents #? teniae coli.
- It has tow orifices: ? orifice (close to last part of small intestine DJ”I”) and ? orifice

A

LARGE INTESTINE IN HORSES

The cecum
- is the first segment of the large intestine;
- placed on the right side of the abdomen;
-it occupies the right flank region;
- it is a comma-shaped organ;
- *** it has three segments: base, body and a ventral blind apex;
- it presents #4 teniae coli.
- It has tow orifices: ileocecal orifice and cecoclic orifice

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15
Q

The large intestine in horses

The colon
- It has three segments: ? colon, ? and
? colon;

The ascending and the transverse – ? colon; The ? colon is known as the small colon;

** The ascending colon has #? parallel limbs and #? flexures

Right ventral colon (RVC)
Ventral diaphragmatic flexure (VDF)
Left ventral colon (LVC)
Pelvic flexure (PF)
Left dorsal colon (LDC)
Dorsal diaphragmatic flexure (DDF)
Right dorsal colon (RDC) **

A

The large intestine in horses

The colon
- It has three segments: ascending colon, transverse and descending colon;

The ascending and the transverse – large colon; The small colon is known as the small colon;

** The ascending colon has #4 parallel limbs and #3 flexures

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16
Q

The large intestine in ruminants

The cecum

-it is placed in the ? part of the right flank region;
-it has a ? shape and approximatively 50- 70 cm in length;
-we can describe the ? of the cecum and the ? of the cecum;

-the cecum continues directly with the proximal loop of the ? colon;
-between the cecum and ileum- can identify the ? fold or ?

A

The cecum

-it is placed in the dorsal part of the right flank region;
-it has a cylindrical shape and approximately 50- 70 cm in length;
-we can describe the body of the cecum and the apex of the cecum;

-the cecum continues directly with the proximal loop of the ascending colon;
-between the cecum and ileum- can identify the ileocecal fold or ligament

17
Q

The large intestine in ruminants

The colon
- It is divided into ascending, ? and descending colon;

The ascending colon
- is very ?;
- has a flat ? aspect;

  • has three segments:
  • ? loop;
  • ? loop;
  • ? loop;

The transverse and descending colon are short or long? segments in ruminant

(note: in horses, descending colon is long)

A

The large intestine in ruminants

The colon
- It is divided into ascending, transverse and descending colon;

The ascending colon
- is very long;
- has a flat spiral aspect;

  • has three segments:
  • proximal loop;
  • spiral loop;
  • distal loop;

The transverse and descending colon are short segments in ruminant

(note: in horses, descending colon is long)

18
Q

The liver in HORSES

  • located in the most cranial part of the ?;
  • immediately ? to the diaphragm muscle;
  • it has an ? position;
  • and has four hepatic lobes:
  • ? hepatic lobe (1);
  • left hepatic lobe (2);
  • ? hepatic lobe (3);
  • ? lobe (4).
  • in horses the gall bladder is ?;
A

The liver in horses

  • located in the most cranial part of the abdomen;
  • immediately caudal to the diaphragm muscle;
  • it has an oblique position;
  • and has four hepatic lobes:
  • right hepatic lobe (1);
  • left hepatic lobe (2);
  • quadrate hepatic lobe (3);
  • caudate lobe (4).
  • in horses the **gall bladder is ABSENT !!!! **
19
Q

The liver in RUMINANTS

  • located on the ? side of the median plane;
  • ? to the diaphragm muscle;
  • it has an ? position;
  • and has four hepatic lobes:- right hepatic lobe; - left hepatic lobe;
  • quadrate hepatic lobe; - caudate lobe.
  • in cattle, the gall bladder is ?;
A
  • located on the right side of the median plane;
  • caudal to the diaphragm muscle;
  • it has an oblique position;
  • and has four hepatic lobes:- right hepatic lobe; - left hepatic lobe;
  • quadrate hepatic lobe; - caudate lobe.
  • in cattle the gall bladder is well developed;
20
Q

The pancreas in horses

has three segments:
- body of pancreas (g) - perforated by portal ?(f);
- left lob of pancreas (a)- short or long? ;
- right lob of pancreas (b)- short or long?;

  • two ducts:
  • the ? duct (d);
  • the ? pancreatic duct (e);
A

The pancreas in horses

has three segments:
- body of pancreas (g) - perforated by portal vein(f);
- left lob of pancreas (a)- long ;
- right lob of pancreas (b)- short;

  • two ducts:
  • the pancreatic duct (d);
  • the accesory pancreatic duct (e);
21
Q

The pancreas in ruminants

has three segments:
- body of pancreas - notched by the ? vein;
- left lobe of pancreas;
- right lobe of pancreas;

The bovines- present only the ? duct;

In sheep and goats is present only the ? duct and no accesory.

A

The pancreas in ruminants

has three segments:
- body of pancreas - notched by the portal vein;
- left lobe of pancreas;
- right lobe of pancreas;

The bovines- present only the accesory duct;

In sheep and goats is present only the pancreatic duct and no accesory.