5 VP Skull & 6 VP Joints and Ligaments & 7 VP Muscles - FI

Question 1

Is occipital the top or back most bone of head?

Is temporal present on top of parietal and occipital? true or false

Answer 1

back most

false (present between and adjacent to parietal and occipital)

Question 2

What does external occipital protuberance do?

Answer 2

1. external occipital protuberance (for muscle attachment; anytime there’s a stickie outie that’s where muscle attach)

Question 3

Name the terms for holes

Answer 3

foramen, meatus, orifice, osmium , stoma

Question 4

what are flat surfaces bones and e.g.?

Answer 4

narrow trenched area, depression channel

e.g. fossa, fovea, facet

Question 5

Canine dental formula: how many incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (P), molars (M)?

What is the numbering like?

Answer 5

I3, C1, P4, M2/3 (2 on top 3 on bottom)

101 - 110 right upper
201 - 210 left upper

301 - 311 left lower (NOTE: until 311 and not 310 like the upper teeth!!)
401 - 411 right lower (same for this!!)

Question 6

Joints

Where are they formed?

do all of them allow movement?

Their categories?

Answer 6

where 2 or more bones come together

some allow movements between the bones - locomotion
some are firm so don’t allow movement or limited movement

3 categories: fibrous, cartilaginous (hyalin, elastic, fibrocartilage), synovial

Question 7

Fibrous joints: a category of joint

created for what?

give 2 examples and their role.

Answer 7

created for limited or no movement

1. suture of skull
   -membranes join skull of young animals
   -membrane gradually eliminated when bones stop growing
   - when sutures are closed, form immovable joint
2. teeth in socket
   - “Gomphosis” is a fibrous mobile peg and socket joint
   - roots of teeth fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla; immovable
   - exception to bone to bone

Question 8

Cartilaginous joints

limited or semi or freely movement?

joined by what?

give 3 e.g.?

Answer 8

semi-movable joints, some restriction motion

joined by hyalin cartilage, some restricted movement

1. intervertebral disc

• each disc (forms cartilaginous joint) is present between adjacent vertebrae in spine

2. between pelvic symphysis (where 2 bones come together; 2 equal halves)
3. mandibular symphysis

Question 9

Synovial joint

freely movable? semi or no movement?

separated by a fluid filled space called?

3 e.g.of where they are present?

Answer 9

are movable!

joint cavity

1. joints between bones of the limb (shoulder, elbow)
2. joints between articular processes of vertebrae
3. joints between ribs and vertebrae

Question 10

what are the 3 defining features of synovial joints?

Answer 10

1. articulating bones covered by articular (hyalin cartilage) cartilage
2. joint cavity filled with synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
3. Fibrous joint capsule is lined by synovilal membrane (look at pic for better comprehension) slide 8 6VP

Question 11

Synovial joints

accessory structures for greater joint stability?

Answer 11

1. Ligament

• band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage

extra capsular: collateral and patellar
intracapsular: cruciate

2. Meniscus (pl. menisci)
   • Fibrocartilage disc located within a synovial cavity
   • Allows for smoother connection between articulating ends of bones (like extra cushioning between the bones)

Question 12

Meniscus

what is it? and its function

Answer 12

fibrocartilage disc located within a synovial cavity

allows for smoother connection between articulating ends of bones

Question 13

Joints of the thoracic limb (from shoulder to palmar part of limb)

Answer 13

scapulohumeral
(shoulder) joint (present between scapula and humerus)

elbow joint

carpal joint

metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint)

proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint)

distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

Question 14

joints of the pelvic limb

Answer 14

sacroiliac joint
(between sacrum and ilium)

coxofemoral joint
(coxo = hip; femur: long bone above tibia and fibula)

stifle joint

tarsal joint

metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint)

proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint)

distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

Question 15

Differentiate between smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle

striations, uni or multinucleate, shape, where do they occur; which ones autonomic?

Answer 15

smooth muscles are spindle shaped, uninucleated, involuntary, nonstriated occur in walls of internal organs
- slow sustained contractions (always happening that’s y), visceral, autonomic control, in walls of GI tract, walls of arteries and vein, around gland

cardiac muscle are branched, striated, uninucleated, involuntary, occur in walls of heart
- autonomic, occurs in wall of the heart
e.g. myocardium

skeletal muscle are striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers, usually attached to skeleton, and is voluntary

Question 16

SKELETAL MUSCLE

used for what?
most skeletal muscles cross what? and have action on what? (hint: both same thing)

muscle contraction what is it?

Answer 16

• Used for locomotion, movement of one body part relative to another, maintaining body posture
• Most skeletal muscles cross one or more joints and have actions on the joint(s)
• Muscle contraction – shortening of the muscle which causes change in alignment of bones around a joint

Question 17

muscle attachments can usually be classified as what and what?

Answer 17

origin and insertion

Question 18

muscle origin: aka ?
is it the part that is more fixed or movable?

muscle insertion: aka?

Answer 18

Muscle origin:
* Also known as the proximal attachment
* Usually the part that is more fixed and moves the least
* Muscle insertion:
* Also known as the distal
attachment
* Usually the part that moves the most

Question 19

thoracic limb muscle examples

what are extrinsic muscles? intrinsic muscles? example of each and their O, I, Action, innervation

Answer 19

extrinsic muscle attaches the limb to axial skeleton

intrinsic muscle present within the limb

extrinsic
1. brachiocephalic muscle
O - caudal skull
I - cranial humerus
A - extend shoulder
I - accessory nerve (CN XI / 11)

intrinsic (within the limb)
2. Extensor carpi radialis
O - distal, cranial humerus
I - dorsal, metacarpal 2 and 3
A - extend carpus
I - radial nerve

Question 20

Pelvic Limb Muscle 2 Examples and their O,I, A and Innervatino

Answer 20

1. Gracilis
   O - pelvic symphysis
   I - tibia and caudal aspect of tarsal bone
   A - adduct limb, extend hip and tarsus, flex stifle
   Innervation - obturator nerve
2. gastrocnemius
   O - distal caudal femur
   I - caudal aspect of tarsal bone
   A - extend tarsus, flex stifle
   Innervation: tibial nerve (tibia in front but innervates the back of bottom leg)

if on tippy toes then using gastro

Question 21

Axial muscles: muscles of trunk and neck

2 types of axial muscles:

when doing sit ups are you extending or flexing the vertebrae?

Answer 21

Epaxial muscles
* Lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae * Extensors of the vertebral column
Hypaxial muscles
* All other neck and trunk muscles – located ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae * Flexors of the vertebral column
* Includes thoracic and abdominal wall muscles

flexing (as its not straight anymore)

Question 22

e.g. of epaxial muscle?
and Hypaxial Muscle Example?

Answer 22

epiaxial e.g. is iliocostalis - most lateral epaxial muscle, spans from ilium (of the hip) to cervical vertebrae 7 (C7) (edge of vertebrae; coccyx/ribs), fixes vertebral column
- all expiaxial are extensors of vertebral column

hypaxial e.g. is rectus abdominus runs from pubis to the sternum, flexes the vertebral column
- all hypaxial muscles are flexors of vertebral column