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Immunology > Vaccination (26) > Flashcards

Vaccination (26) Flashcards

1
Q

What are vaccines?

A

biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular disease process

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2
Q

What is immunoprophylaxis? What can be generated?

A

the enhancement of a specific immune response

humoral and cell-mediated immune response

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3
Q

Immunoprophylaxis can be performed via _____ and ______ immunization

A

passive immunization (colostral antibodies, etc)
active immunization

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4
Q

Immunoprophylaxis response may prevent ____ and ______

A

infection - sterilizing immunity is maximum response
disease - non-sterilizing immunity, agent can infect but causes minimal to no disease, does not prevent chronic carrier status

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5
Q

_____ worked with cowpox to create a vaccine, and ____ worked with rabies

A

Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Passive immunity provides [high/low] humoral levels of immunity

A

high humoral

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7
Q

What kinds of immunization is there?

A

passive immunization
active immunization

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8
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

transfer of specific antibodies or immune-reactive substance from one individual to another

maternal immunity - placental or colostral

prophylactic and therapeutic - tetanus toxoid

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9
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunization?

A

immediate protection
good for poor immunogens like tumor antigens

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages to passive immunization?

A

artificial immune system - allergic reactions may occur especially if donor and recipient are different species
» transfer of disease is possible
> potential anaphylactic effect

colostral serum: delays ability to vaccinate; short-lived protection

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11
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies do? Which type of immunization?

A

antibody prevents viral binding and/or fusion with host cell
passive immunization

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12
Q

What is active immunization? It produces a(n) _____

A

stimulating the host with all or part of an organism (i.e. antigen)

produces an active immune response - prolonged period of protection, strong immune protection

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13
Q

How is active immunization achieved?

A

through natural infection or
vaccination

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14
Q

For an effective vaccine, ____ and ____ should be stimulated by the vaccine. Why?

A

T cells
B cells

to generate humoral and cellular immunity
to generate large numbers of memory cells

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15
Q

What should T cells be reactive to to improve likelihood of response across MHC II alleles?

A

multiple epitopes

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16
Q

What is an ideal vaccine?

A

should be inexpensive, stables adaptable to mass vaccination, and confer strong and long-lasting immunity with no or minimal side effects

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17
Q

What are some non-infectious vaccines?

A

inactivated virus
products of purified subunits, recombinant product, DNA vaccine

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18
Q

What are some advantages of noninfectious vaccines?

A

may contain inactivated partial or whole pathogen

fail to replicate in the host

Th2 CD4+ response

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19
Q

What do noninfectious vaccines require? They have [strong/weak] immunogenicity

A

adjuvant - increase duration and amount of immune-stimulation

weak immunogenicity

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20
Q

Adjuvants can cause ________

A

local reactants

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21
Q

What are the two types of adjuvants?

A

vehicles/depots
immunomodulators

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22
Q

What are vehicles/depots? Give examples

A

maintain antigen at specific site and intensify response

metallic salts, oils, lipids, mineral gels, liposomes

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23
Q

Depot adjuvants cause a [prolonged/quick] immune response

A

prolonged
has a slow removal of antigen

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24
Q

Which type of adjuvant stimulates TLRs?

A

immunostimulatory adjuvants

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25
Q

What are immunomodulator adjuvants?

A

enhance cell-mediated immunity
provide slow antigen release and degradation
stimulate cytokine release
activate innate immunity

26
Q

What are examples of immunomodulator adjuvants?

A

bacterial components
CpG
dextran sulfate
acemannan
saponin
lecithins

27
Q

Non-infectious vaccines stimulate primarily _____ immunity

A

Th2 humoral

28
Q

Epitopes are generally [strong/weak]

A

weak - need adjuvant to localize and stimulate immune response and initiate Th2 response

29
Q

Epitopes are accessible to ____-cell receptors

A

B

30
Q

What do non-infectious vaccines require?

A

multiple inoculations initially and repeated boosters

31
Q

What are infectious vaccines?

A

vaccines that infect or transect cells and use host machinery to promote immunologic response
- cowpox virus to promote immunity to smallpox
- includes genetically engineered viral and DNA vectors, live attenuated and mutated

32
Q

For infectious vaccines, a _______ may be protective

A

single innoculation

33
Q

What are the benefits of infectious vaccines?

A

increase immunogenicity and memory cell production
lower chance of hypersensitivity (adjuvants used aren’t as potent)
inexpensive
may be given but natural route

34
Q

Most live vaccines contain ______

A

attenuated whole organisms - usually multiple mutations

modified live-virulence genes removed

35
Q

What are the types of live vaccines?

A

those with attenuated whole organisms
recombinant vectors
nucleic acids (DNA vaccines)

36
Q

Which vaccine type type has no adjuvant required?

A

modified live infecting host cells
modifications decrease virulence while maintaining immunogenicity

37
Q

Which responses are stimulated with modified live infectious vaccines?

A

Th1
Th2

38
Q

What are recombinant vectors?

A

used as carriers to express antigens of other pathogens
insertion of genes for protective antigens into genome of another agent
- canarypox, etc

39
Q

What are DNA-based vaccines?

A

simple vectors for in vivo transfection

40
Q

For DNA-based vaccines, ______ activates the innate response

A

bacterial DNA

41
Q

DNA-based vaccines are often ____ or _____

A

plasmid (which is itself an adjuvant)
viral vector (adenovirus, poxvirus)

42
Q

What are differences between DNA and modified live?

A
43
Q

DNA vaccines are [stable/unstable], and there is ______ expression. Is there vaccine shedding?

A

stable
MHC
no - only intracellular expression

44
Q

mRNA vaccines are [stable/unstable], and there is generation of _______ in cytoplasm. Is there vaccine shedding?

A

unstable
spike protein
yes

45
Q

Where is the mRNA transported? It does not enter ______

A

ER
nucleus

46
Q

mRNA generates a [Th1/Th2/both] response

A

Th1 - mostly cell-mediated

47
Q

What has a lipid adjuvant?

A

mRNA

48
Q

Adenovirus is a _____ and a non-adjuvant

A

full length spike protein

49
Q

T/F: Viral DNA of adenovirus is transported into the nucleus

A

TRUE

50
Q

Adenovirus generates a [Th1/Th2/both] response

A

Th1

51
Q

What are the advantages of infectious vaccines?

A
52
Q

What are the disadvantages of infectious vaccines?

A
53
Q

Systemic vaccines generate _____

A

IgG

54
Q

The route of inoculation determines where _______

A

protection occurs

parenteral
oral
nasal - strangles, kennel cough
transdermal - serial FeLV, DNA vaccines

55
Q

T/F: Maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccines

A

TRUE

56
Q

What are the 3 major types of vaccine failures?

A

host factors
vaccine factors
human error

57
Q

What are the 4 major adverse effects classifications to vaccines?

A

type I hypersensitivity
type II hypersensitivity
type III
type IV

58
Q

Which hypersensitivity type has facial edema, pruitis, wheals, anaphylaxis?

A

type I

59
Q

Which hypersensitivity type has post-vaccine vasculitis, blue eye (CAV-1)?

A

type III hypersensitivity

60
Q

What is VAS?

A

adverse effect of vaccines in cats associated with adjuvants
- results in prolonged irritation/inflammation and passive p53 mutations
- can develop nodules

Immunology (36 decks)

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