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Immunology > Neonatal Immunity (24) > Flashcards

Neonatal Immunity (24) Flashcards

Dr. Phillips

1
Q

The fetus is a _______

A

foreign antigen

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2
Q

The fetus has co-dominant ______ with ____-specific antigens

A

MHC expression
male-specific antigens

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3
Q

When does exposure of fetal “sequestered antigens” occur?

A

during development

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4
Q

Fetal sequestered antigen exposure amount is dependent on ______ type

A

placental

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5
Q

_______ interaction both promotes and limits placental and fetal development

A

Maternal-fetal

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6
Q

T/F: There has to be adaptations to prevent maternal rejection of the fetus

A

TRUE

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7
Q

How is tolerance achieved regarding maternal-fetal interactions - maternal system?

A
  • progesterone
  • increased complement regulatory proteins (protease inhibitors)
  • Th2 response dominates
  • high level of Tregs
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8
Q

How is tolerance achieved regarding maternal-fetal interactions - fetal system?

A
  • fetal cells down regulate MHC I
  • Th2 cytokines are expressed
  • inhibit T-cells (progesterone and other cytokines)
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9
Q

High levels near trophoblast are immunosuppressive at ______

A

fetal-maternal surface
- PIBF-Block lymphoid activation

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10
Q

Increased complement regulatory proteins block activation and thus _______

A

complement-mediated cytolysis of fetal/placental tissues

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11
Q

Th2 response for tolerance dominates and therefore lowers chance for _____ mediated cytolysis of fetal tissue

A

Th1

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12
Q

In the fetal system, what lowers the expression of self antigens?

A

fetal cells that down regulate MHC I

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13
Q

Th2 cytokines are expressed which [increases/decreases] Treg activity. Treg activity [increases/decreases] Th1 activity

A

Th2: increases Treg activity
Treg activity: decreases Th1h activity

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13
Q

T/F: Because fetuses have a reduced or absent adaptive immunity, they are less able to combat infections than an adult

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Reduced adaptive response means the fetus relies on _______

A

innate immunity
passive immunity
physical barriers

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15
Q

T/F: Even the innate response takes time to develop

A

TRUE

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16
Q

The adaptive immune response requires population of _____ and ______ lymphoid organs in ____ trimester

A

primary
secondary
1st trimester

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17
Q

What lymphoid organ develops first? Second?

A

first: thymus
second: secondary (spleen, lymph nodes) lymphoid tissues

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18
Q

When does the population of peripheral lymphoid tissue occur?

A

Early
starts 1st trimester
lymphoid maturation starts within first 1-5 months

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19
Q

In spite of early population of lymphoid tissues, the adaptive response is reduced. Why?

A

limited antibody and T-cell diversity due to lack of antigens
no memory cells
reduced cytokine stimulation to promote expansion, affinity maturation

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20
Q

T/F: A neonate, if born early, is always supplemented by the dam i.e. can be given supplemental immunity

A

FALSE
In horses, this does not happen until postpartum with the colostrum

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21
Q

Due to the fetus having reduced adaptive immunity, the fetus relies on its own ________, as well as ______ from the dam

A

innate immunity
passive immunity

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22
Q

Fetal innate immune function develops temporally with _____ population

A

peripheral lymphoid population

23
Q

Over the first 3 months, what develops?

A

phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages

24
Q

In the fetus, complement levels are [higher/lower] than the adult

A

lower

reduces innate response to bacterial infections but also prevents damage to placenta

rapidly normalized after birth

25
Q

What are the ways maternal antibodies are transferred?

A

either absorbed pre-natally through placenta
or ingested post-nasally through colostrum

26
Q

In what type of placenta can antibodies not traverse all 6 layers? Which species?

A

epitheliochorial
swine, horses
ruminants — syndesmochorial

27
Q

Epitheliochorial receives NO ___ across the placenta

A

Ig

28
Q

What are the 3 placental types?

A

epitheliochorial
endotheliochorial
hemochorial

29
Q

Which species have endotheliochorial? What are its properties?

A

dogs, cats
loss of 2 layers
uterine endothelium remains

30
Q

Which species have hemochorial? What are its properties?

A

primates, rabbits, guinea pigs
loss of 3 layers
direct exposure of maternal blood to fetal tissue - direct transfer

31
Q

Species that maintain the _______ ________ lining within the placenta do NOT transfer antibodies to fetus

A

maternal endometrial lining

32
Q

Species that lose the maternal endometrial layer will _______

A

passively transfer antibodies through placenta

33
Q

T/F: Because dogs/cats only have the uterine endothelium, they will have adequate full immunocompetence

A

FALSE - dogs/cats ~5-10% of total neonatal serum IgG transferred via placenta

34
Q

T/F: Fetal humans, rabbits, and rodents have complete IgG transfer via placenta

A

TRUE

35
Q

What is colostrum?

A

milk produced late in gestation and early postpartum that is high in antibody content

36
Q

What antibodies are in colostrum?

A

IgG - high
IgA - next
IgM - low

37
Q

T/F: ALL species can receive maternal antibodies postnatally via colostrum

A

TRUE

38
Q

Absorption of antibody via colostrum [steadily/rapidly] declines within the first 12-24 hours in other species

A

rapidly

39
Q

Intestinal epithelium of the neonate expresses high levels of the surface antigen ________. It binds to _______

A

FcRn
binds to Fc portion of immunoglobulin

40
Q

Expression of the ______ receptor declines with age

A

FcRn

41
Q

Describe the mechanism of antibody transfer

A
  1. antibodies cannot pass through multiple epithelial barriers
  2. endocytosed into fetal cells
  3. fetal Fc receptors assists in transport and protects from degradation
42
Q

T/F: Colostrum is not absorbed across intestinal epithelium

A

TRUE - IgG is

43
Q

What is the most common cause of inadequate transfer of colostrum to the neonate? (failure of passive transfer)

A

poor nutrition (malnutrition)

44
Q

IgG predominates in ruminant ______. Other species?

A

MILK
IgA in other milk of other species

45
Q

_____ immunity can also be passively transferred

A

Cell-mediated

46
Q

How is cell-mediated immunity passively transferred?

A

colostrum has high lymphocyte counts
maybe survive up to 36 hours in intestine (for luminal defense)

thought to enhance initial neonatal response

47
Q

How does passive immunity have negative aspects?

A

maternal antibody may impair neonatal adaptive immune response
maternal antibodies may also recognize neonatal tissue (neonatal isoerythrolysis, Rh disease)

48
Q

The ____ receptor engagement reduces BCR activation

A

FcgammaRII receptor

may bind epitopes and prevent appropriate response to neonatal vaccines

typically just humoral effects

49
Q

How does the timing of vaccination vary?

A

varies between species because of inflection point

50
Q

What is neonatal immunodeficiency?

A

can occur due to developmental failure
can also occur due to failure of passive immunity transfer

51
Q

What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency?

A

failure of passive immunity transfer

52
Q

The major source of passive immunity is _______

A

maternal antibody transfer

53
Q

In avian neonate immunity, the hen actively transfers ____ from serum to yolk

A

IgY
birds do not have placentas

54
Q

In birds, Ig___ and Ig____ are secreted into albumin in oviduct

A

IgM
IgA

Immunology (36 decks)

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