Immunoglobin Genes & Generation of Diversity (15)

Question 1

Multiple ______ bonds link antigen with its receptor

Answer 1

non-covalent

Question 2

List the bonds in the order of relative importance

Answer 2

hydrophobic bonds
hydrogen bonds
electrostatic bonds
van der waals

Question 3

There are 3 widely separated by groups of genes. What are they?

Answer 3

V genes
J genes
C genes

Question 4

___ genes encode tens of genes; ____ genes encode hundreds of genes, and _____ genes encode one gene

Answer 4

J genes
V genes - variable
C gene - constant

Question 5

Rearrangement brings together 3 individual genes. What are they?

Answer 5

V5
J3
C

Question 6

Once the necessary antigen receptor genes are activated, they are transcribed into RNA and translated into _______

Answer 6

receptor proteins

Question 7

Mammals can produce up to _____ different antigen receptors on B and T cells

Answer 7

10^15

Question 8

To produce the diversity, they only use ____ genes

Answer 8

500 - one way is gene recombination

Question 9

_____ genes code for each receptor chain

Answer 9

Multiple

Question 10

How many gene codes for a variable chain? Constant?

Answer 10

Variable: several genes
Constant: one

Question 11

What is combinatorial association?

Answer 11

antigen receptor chains may be paired in different combinations to used to yield even greater diversity
- using combination of light and heavy chains

Question 12

What is VJ and VDJ gene recombination?

Answer 12

what is in heavy and light chain in antibody molecule
only V genes and J genes in light chain
VDJ in heavy - variable region

Question 13

What is the sequence of gene recombination?

Answer 13

random selection of one gene from each of several groups of genes —> recombining these selected genes —> sequence diversity

Question 14

T/F: There are no D genes in the light chain

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

IGK codes for ____

Answer 15

kappa light chains

Question 16

IGL codes for _____

Answer 16

lambda light chains

Question 17

IGH codes for ______

Answer 17

heavy chains - could be IGM etc

Question 18

Which two enzymes aid in “looping out” or deleting unwanted enzymes?

Answer 18

recombinase
DNA repair enzymes
*dk if we have to know this

Question 19

There are 2 types of DNA rearrangement in [light/heavy] chains

Answer 19

heavy

Question 20

The B cell has _____ attempts to make a productive gene arrangement

Answer 20

4

Question 21

What does AID do to aid in heavy chain isotype switch?

Answer 21

changes C to U and cuts in between the isotype you want and the one needed to be removed
Ex: Cmu removed, Cgamma transcribed

Question 22

T/F: Isotype switching is reversible

Answer 22

FALSE - you may be able to convert to another isotype but not go back

Question 23

How many CDRs (complementarity-determining regions) are there in B cell receptors? T cell receptors?

Answer 23

BCR: 3
TCR: 1

Question 24

What is the name of the process where certain pseudogenes upstream of the genes encoding variable region are randomly inserted in the variable region of the receptor gene?

Answer 24

gene conversion

Question 25

Gene recombination is located in the ______

Answer 25

bone marrow

Question 26

Gene conversion and cell selection is located in the ______

Answer 26

bursal equivalent

Question 27

Gene conversion or somatic mutation is located in the _____

Answer 27

lymph node - germinal center

Question 28

What are methods of generating TCR diversity?

Answer 28

VJ, VJJ, VDJ, VDDJ gene recombination
base deletion
base insertion
combinatorial association

Question 29

Antigen molecules bind to a ____ or _____ when their shape matches the conformation of the groove in the antigen-binding receptor

Answer 29

TCR
BCR

Question 30

The shape of the antigen-binding groove depends on the sequence of _____ that line the groove

Answer 30

amino acids

Question 31

The sequence of amino acids depends on the ____ encoding the _____ domains of the receptor

Answer 31

genes
variable

Question 32

What is gene combination?

Answer 32

different genes selected at random from a large library are joined to generate great sequence diversity

Question 33

What is gene conversion?

Answer 33

small blocks of donor nucleotides are inserted into V-region genes to generate sequence changes

Question 34

T/F: The genes coding from antigen-binding sites in BCRs, but not TCRs undergo somatic mutation, resulting in even more sequence changes

Answer 34

TRUE