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Immunology > Introduction to Immunology (1) > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immune response?

A

non-specific and able to protect the body at all times
immediate protection

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2
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

takes time to work, specific for a pathogen
retains memory

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3
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

defense against infections
defense against tumors
injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins

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4
Q

What did Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith determine?

A

dead organisms can make effective vaccines

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5
Q

What did Von Behring and Kitasato determine?

A

bacterial products are also protective

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6
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

termed vaccination, cowpox

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7
Q

What is Pasteur’s fowl cholera experiment?

A

birds were inoculated with an aged culture of pasteurella multocida did not die
when subsequently inoculated with a fresh culture of virulent P. multocida, the birds were found to be protected
launched the science of immunology
— also inoculated fresh virulent into normal chickens and they died

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8
Q

What is microbial invasion?

A

enormous number of microorganism colonize body surfaces

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9
Q

What are commensals?

A

colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and don’t normally cause disease

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10
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

organism that can cause disease

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11
Q

What is the primary pathogen?

A

cause disease every time it invades body, even in small numbers

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12
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

cause disease only when administered in high doses
- mannheima hemolytic, pneumocystis jiroveci

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13
Q

T/F: No immune response is restricted to a single biochemical mechanism or pathway

A

TRUE

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14
Q

[Innate/adaptive] immunity is the first line of defense. _____ backs it up

A

Innate
Adaptive

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15
Q

What is innate defense activated by?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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16
Q

____ immunity has T-cell and B-cell activation

A

Adaptive

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17
Q

Which defense has tolerance?

A

adaptive defense

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18
Q

Innate defense provides important ____ for adaptive immune responses

A

signals for adaptive immune response

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19
Q

What are components of innate defense?

A

physical/chemical barriers
phagocytic and sentinel cells (guard cells)
complement system
innate defense cytokines
natural killer (NK) cells

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20
Q

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

A

humoral immunity (antibodies)
cell-mediated immunity (T-helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, Gamma delta T cells)

21
Q

What are physical barriers/ chemical barriers to innate defense?

A

epithelial barriers
normal microflora
acid environment in stomach
antimicrobial peptides

22
Q

What are phagocytic cells? Which type of defense? List examples.

A

ingest and kill pathogens
- neutrophils, macrophages
innate

23
Q

What are sentinel cells? Which type of defense. List examples.

A

resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs
- dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells
innate

24
Q

What are cytokines?

A

protein messenger molecules that can act on other cells or the cells that produced it

25
Q

What are proinflammatory cytokines?

A

secreted bty sentinel cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs
- fever, lethargy, loss of appetite

26
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

lymphocyte that is part of innate immunity
kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
recognize and kill cells that do not express normal proteins

27
Q

T/F: Innate immunity cannot work independently of adaptive immunity

A

FALSE

28
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

antibodies = Ig
named so because transfer of body ‘humors’ from protected animal to naive animal, could provide protection —> like it humors them?
- immune response directed at particular antigens

29
Q

What produces antibodies in humoral immunity?

A

B cells or B lymphocytes

30
Q

Another word for antibody is ____, or _____

A

immunoglobin
Ig

31
Q

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE are components of

A

humoral immunity - adaptive

32
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

A

named so because transfer of CELLS from protected animal to naive animal could provide protection

33
Q

What are the two major classes of T cells based on T-cell receptors?

A

alpha beta T cells
- T-helper, cytotoxic T cells
gamma delta T cells

34
Q

What is the complement system in innate defense? It is [rapidly/slowly] induced

A

an enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity
- rapidly induced

35
Q

Which system is potent and harmful if not regulated?

A

complement system

36
Q

What are chemokines?

A

cause cells to migrate to sites of infection
- some are produced by sentinel cells

37
Q

What do interferons do?

A

interferes with replication of some viruses; produced by virally infected cells

38
Q

T/F: Innate immunity has memory

A

FALSE

39
Q

Lymphocytes are components of the ____ immune system

A

adaptive

40
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

block infections and eliminate microbes

41
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

eradicate intracellular microbes

42
Q

List the antigen processing cells? (APC)

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B-cells

43
Q

Adaptive defense has ______ recognition, immunologic _______, and ________

A

antigen
memory
tolerance

44
Q

What is tolerance? Which immune system?

A

protecting self from immune system
can develop against non-self antigens too under certain conditions
adaptive immunity

45
Q

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

A

humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity

46
Q

Humoral immunity is mainly directed against _____ invaders and is mediated by _______

A

bacterial
antibodies

47
Q

_____ bind to bacteria and mark them for destruction

A

Antibodies

48
Q

Cell-mediated immunity regulates innate and adaptive responses through _____ and employs cells to destroy _____ ______ such as those infected by viruses

A

cytokines
abnormal cells

Immunology (36 decks)

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