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Immunology > Innate Immunity - Inflammation (4) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity - Inflammation (4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

a tissue reaction that rapidly delivers mediators of host defense to the sites of infection and tissue damage

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2
Q

What are the 3 roles inflammation played in combating infection?

A

deliver additional effector molecules & cells to sites of infection - help killing of microbes by macrophages
provide a physical barrier to prevent further spread of infection
promote repair of injured tissue

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3
Q

What is the MAIN purpose of inflammation

A

FOCUS the immune response to the site of infection or injury

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4
Q

What is the acute inflammatory response?

A

cytokines & other pro-inflammatory mediators produced to
- increase permeability of blood vessels, leading to entry of plasma proteins into the tissues
- promote movement of leukocytes from blood into tissues

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5
Q

Another word for a sentinel cell (besides guard cell) is

A

effector cell

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6
Q

[Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation] is involved in the acute inflammatory response

A

Vasodilation

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7
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil adhesion and emigration from blood vessels?

A

rolling —> adherence —> emigration

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8
Q

What activates integrin?

A

chemokines

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9
Q

Selectin-mediated & integrin-mediated are [up/down]-regulated

A

up

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10
Q

What is selectin-mediated?

A

mediate adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells and platelets under flow
- STOP
- tells neutrophils to get out

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11
Q

What is integrin-mediated?

A

most important flag
helps neutrophils get out

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12
Q

What is the purpose of leukosialin?

A

present on neutrophils and ensures they don’t bind to blood vessels
- elastase cuts leukosialin up
neutrophils need to attach to vascular endothelial cells or emigrate from blood vessels

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13
Q

Which enzyme cuts up leukosialin?

A

elastase

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14
Q

What is Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

A

autosomal recessive immunodeficiency in Holstein calves

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15
Q

What is the problem in Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

A

neutrophils cannot attach to vascular endothelial cells or emigrate from blood vessels
- point mutation in integrin gene

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16
Q

List 1-4

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. heat
  4. pain
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17
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory mediators? (Categories)

A

cytokines
chemokines
vasoactive amines
vasoactive peptides
vasoactive lipids
coagulation system

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18
Q

What are the 3 major cytokines?

A

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)
interleukin-1 (IL-1)
interleukin-6 (IL-6)

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19
Q

What does interleukin-1 affect?

A

promotes inflammation
kills cells
affects metabolism
affects blood flow
affects cell growth
affects the brain
affects leukocytes
* these broadly can apply to TNF-a & IL-6

20
Q

How do the major cytokines affect integrins?

A

increase expression of adhesion molecules (integrins) on endothelium for cells to bind and exit to the site of infection

21
Q

What are the effects of TNF-alpha on the body?

A

promotes inflammation
activates cells (macrophages, mast cells, etc)
toxic effects
enhances - fibroblast growth, collagen synthesis, bone resorption

22
Q

What are the effects of a low quantity of a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

local inflammation, which includes macrophage activation, endothelium activates, complement activation

23
Q

What are the effects of a moderate quantity of a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

local & systemic effects: fever, lethargy, loss of appetite from hypothalamus, production of acute-phase proteins from actions of liver, neutrophilia

24
Q

What are the effects of a high quantity of a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

systemic vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
- drop in blood pressure, low cardiac output, vascular injury, etc

25
Q

Septic shock occurs in cows with gram-negative bacterial mastitis with [low/moderate/high] quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A

high

26
Q

T/F: Pro-inflammatory cytokines are lethal in high amounts.

A

TRUE

27
Q

What do (chemotactic) cytokines do?

A

coordinate the migration of cells
hence dictate the course of many inflammatory and immune responses

28
Q

Chemokines are produced by _______

A

sentinel cells, including macrophages & mast cells

29
Q

Vasoactive molecules (chemokines) come from multiple sources like being derived from _____

A

inactive precursors in plasma
macrophages
mast cells
neutrophils
basophils
platelets
damaged tissue cells

30
Q

What are the 3 major types of vasoactive molecules?

A

vasoactive amines
vasoactive peptides
vasoactive lipids

31
Q

What is the most important vasoactive molecules released by MAST cells?

A

histamine (vasoactive amine)

32
Q

What is the significance of histamine?

A

binds to receptors on endothelial cells —> stimulates to produce NO (potent vasoDILATOR)
- causes vessel leakage then fluid escape
up-regulated TLR expression on sentinel cells

33
Q

Serotonin is a vasoactive ______

A

amine

34
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

causes vasoconstriction (EXCEPT in cattle) which results in rise of blood pressure

35
Q

How are vasoactive peptides generated?

A

by proteolysis of inactive precursors

36
Q

What do C5a and C3a do? They are vasoactive ______

A

called anaphylotoxins
promote histamine release from mast cells
C5a: potent attractant for neutrophils and monocytes
peptides

37
Q

Mast cell granules contain proteases called ________ which _______

A

kallikreins
kallikreins act on kinogens to generate kinin (like bradykinin)

38
Q

What is bradykinin?

A

the MOST important kinin
increase vascular permeability stimulate neutrophils, trigger pain receptors
may have antimicrobial properties

39
Q

What adis in converting phospholipids to arachidonic acid? Then creates either leukotrienes/lipoxins or prostaglandins/thromboxanes/prostacyclines

A

phospholipase A2

40
Q

The general effect of vasoactive lipids are

A

pro-inflammatory

41
Q

What triggers the coagulation system?

A

when fluid from blood vessels leak

42
Q

What is the main clotting enzyme that is triggered by the coagulation system?

A

thrombin

43
Q

What does thrombin act on to form insoluble fibrin?

A

fibrinogen in tissues and plasma

44
Q

Where is fibrin deposited?

A

in the inflamed tissue, forming a physical barrier to the spread of infection

45
Q

What is the fibrinolytic system?

A

what is also activated besides the coagulation system
destroys fibrin and releases peptide fragments that attract neutrophils

46
Q

Stimulation of ______ and _______ activates the sentinel cells and trigger secretion of these cytokines

A

toll-like receptors (TLRs)
pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

47
Q

Some inflammatory molecules are secreted by ______

A

nerves

Immunology (36 decks)

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