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Immunology > Transplantation & Transfusion (27) - End E2 > Flashcards

Transplantation & Transfusion (27) - End E2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is transplantation?

A

process of taking cells, tissues, or organs from one individual and placing them into a (usually) different individual

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2
Q

What is a donor?

A

provides graft tissue

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3
Q

What is the recipient (or host)?

A

receives the graft (tissue, cells, etc)

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4
Q

What are the types of transplants?

A

autologous
syngeneic
allogenic
xenogeneic

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5
Q

What is an autologous transplant?

A

from one individual to the same individual

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6
Q

What is a syngeneic transplant?

A

between two genetically identical individuals

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7
Q

What is an allogeneic transplant?

A

between genetically different individuals of the same species

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8
Q

What is a xenogeneic transplant?

A

between individuals or different species

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9
Q

What are the main proteins responsible for the T-cell response of skin grafts?

A

MHCs

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10
Q

T-cell responses and T-cell dependent Bcell responses require _______

A

recognition of antigen associated with MHC molecules

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11
Q

Which MHC class is on all nucleated cells and presents intracellular antigen?

A

MHC I

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12
Q

Why focus on MHC proteins for a transplant?

A

found on cell surface
extremely polymorphic (unique to 1 person)
high in # on cell surface
potent stimulators of immune response

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13
Q

Transplant reactions are divided into _____, _______, and ______ reactions

A

hyperacute
acute
chronic

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14
Q

What are hyperacute reactions? When do they occur?

A

occur within minutes
directed against graft vasculature
due to the presence of preformed antibodies - classical complement pathway

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15
Q

What are hyperacute reactions directed against?

A

blood type antigens that are also expressed on the surfaces of endothelial cells
- due to prior exposure to these allo-antigens (transfusions, etc)

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16
Q

What is rare because of blood typing?

A

hyperacute reactions

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17
Q

What are acute reactions? When do they occur?

A

adaptive immune response
mediated by T-cells and antibodies specific for alloantigens

occur within days to weeks

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18
Q

What is the most important alloantigen?

A

MHC II

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19
Q

[CD4/CD8] directly kill graft cells, and [CD4/CD8] secrete cytokines and induce inflammation in a(n) [hyperacute/acute] infection

A

CD8
CD4
acute

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20
Q

Current immunosuppressive therapy is directed at preventing _____ reactions

A

acute

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21
Q

When do chronic reactions occur?

A

months to years

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22
Q

Current immunosuppressive therapy is NOT effective at preventing _____ reactions

A

chronic

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23
Q

What are chronic reactions mediated by? When does this occur?

A

mediated by T-cells and antibodies specific for alloantigens (NOT MHC)

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24
Q

In chronic reactions, [CD4/CD8] cells secrete cytokines and induce inflammation and fibrosis

A

CD4

25
Q

Red blood cell products lack _______

A

MHC alleles

26
Q

Who discovered that blood from two individuals could agglutinate upon contact?

A

Karl Landsteiner

27
Q

Red blood cells have a variety of _________ proteins

A

glycosylated membrane

28
Q

Group A blood has anti-__ antibodies, and __ antigens

A

anti-B
A

29
Q

Blood group antigens include either ____ membrane of _____ glycoproteins that absorb into RBC surface

A

integral
soluble

30
Q

The most antigenic define the [major/minor] blood types

A

most

31
Q

T/F: Animals may make antibodies to foreign blood group antigens even though they have never had a transfusion

A

TRUE

32
Q

____ and _____ have the antibodies (that respond to foreign blood group antigens even though they have never had a transfusion)

A

Cats
humans

33
Q

If pre-existing antibodies are present, they will recognize and bind RBC antigen, leading to _______, ________, or _______

A

agglutination
hemolysis
opsonization

34
Q

What are the severe reactions that occur when large amounts of incompatible blood are transfused into a sensitized recipient?

A

massive hemolysis
may trigger clotting
shock
prevent by cross matching

35
Q

What are the feline blood types?

A

A
B
AB

36
Q

Blood groups in cats are inherited as simple ______

A

autosomal traits

37
Q

In cats, type ____ is dominant over type _____

A

A
B

38
Q

T/F: Type AB cats develop anti-A or anti-B

A

FALSE - do not

39
Q

What happens when cats with type B receive type A blood?

A

immediate anaphylactic reaction
lyse cells, hypotension, shock

40
Q

What happens when cats with type A receive type B blood?

A

first time may be a minor reaction
second time anaphylactic reaction

41
Q

____ of type A and ____ of type B have pre-formed antibodies

A

1/3 A
all type B

42
Q

T/F: Feline blood typing should be performed prior to transfusions

A

TRUE

43
Q

What are the major canine blood types?

A

DEA
1.1, 1.2, 3-8

44
Q

Which canine allele is the most antigenic?

A

DEA 1.1+

45
Q

What is the only DEA of clinical significance in dogs?

A

DEA 1

46
Q

WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT DEA 1.1+?

A

naturally occurring antibodies to DEA 1.1 or any other RBC antigen do not occur

47
Q

What happens if a DEA 1- dog is transfused with + blood?

A

the dog becomes sensitized

48
Q

DEA ___ and ____ appear on ~98% of canine RBCs

A

4
6

49
Q

Dogs generally DO NOT have ____ to incompatible blood groups until an initial exposure

A

isoantibodies (cats do)

50
Q

T/F: In canines, the half-life of incompatible blood will be shorter than compatible blood

A

TRUE

51
Q

What is the universal blood donor for canines?

A

DEA 1.1-
also 1.2- and 7-

52
Q

What are the blood types of equines?

A

A, C, D, K, P, Q, U

53
Q

What are the most antigenic blood type variants in equine?

A

Aa
Qa

54
Q

Do horses have pre-formed antibodies?

A

NO

55
Q

What is the most clinically relevant issue associated with equine blood types?

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis

56
Q

Dogs have blood volumes of ____ of body weight

A

7-9%
~70-90 mL/kg

57
Q

Cats have blood volumes of ____ of body weight

A

6-7%
60-70 mL/kg blood volume

58
Q

How do you calculate rbc volume?

A

bv x patients PCV%

Immunology (36 decks)

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