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Immunology > Cytokines & Their Receptors (7) > Flashcards

Cytokines & Their Receptors (7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

act locally on endothelial cells of blood vessels —> integrins or selectins —> neutrophils slow down an attach to endothelial cells —> squeeze through —> follow chemokines
secreted messenger proteins

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2
Q

What secretes cytokines?

A

sentinel cells

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3
Q

What is the function of cytokines?

A

regulate intensity and duration of innate and adaptive immune responses

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4
Q

The activity of cytokines is ______

A

receptor-mediated

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5
Q

What are the 3 ways cytokines have activity?

A

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

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6
Q

What are the types of cytokines?

A

monokines
lymphokines
interleukins
interferons
chemokines
colony-stimulating factors
growth factors

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7
Q

What are interleukins?

A

between leukocytes
type of cytokine

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8
Q

What are interferons?

A

interfere with viral replication
type of cytokine

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9
Q

What are chemokines?

A

chemotactic cytokines that attract specific cells to their locations
type of cytokine

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10
Q

What are colony-stimulating factors (CSF)?

A

stimulate colony formation in bone marrow
stimulate stem cell differentiation
type of cytokine

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11
Q

What are growth factors?

A

stimulate cells to grow in vitro
type of cytokine

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12
Q

What are the pathways that trigger cytokine release?

A

antigens
PAMPs
antibodies

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13
Q

What is the structure of a cytokine receptor?

A

long folded protein
folds create grooves where cytokines bind
alpha and beta form groove
gamma is inside the cytoplasm so it can target cell

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14
Q

What is the generic signal transduction for a cytokine?

A

ligand (cytokine) binds to receptor
tyrosine kinase activity generation
second messengers
transcription factors generation
gene transcription - protein synthesis and cell division
cellular responses

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15
Q

The _______ side-chain on proteins mediate many cell signals

A

phosphate

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16
Q

What is a key event in signal transduction and cellular activation?

A

protein phosphorylation

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17
Q

Tyrosine + [ADP/ATP] is inactive phospholipase

A

ATP

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18
Q

Tyrosine + [ADP/ATP] is active phospholipase

A

ADP

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19
Q

What are the 3 cytokine functions?

A

mediate and regulate innate immunity
mediate and regulate adaptive immunity
stimulate hematopoiesis

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20
Q

T/F: Cytokines can act on any cell receptors

A

FALSE - has to have a receptor specific to that cytokine

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21
Q

What is the importance of cytokines that mediate and regulate innate immunity?

A

important in the first few days of infection when the adaptive immune response has not yet started
act immediately and some influence the adaptive immune response that develops

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22
Q

What are some examples of cytokines that mediate and regulate innate immunity?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
IL-12
Type I interferons

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23
Q

_____, _______, and ______ innate cytokines are part of the pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

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24
Q

What is the significance of IL-12 that mediate and regulate innate immunity?

A

stimulate differentiation of TH1 cells
activate NK cells to be more efficient killers
induce IFN-gamma production

25
Q

IL-12 is produced by ______

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in response to bacteria and viruses

26
Q

What is the significance of Type I interferons that mediate and regulate innate immunity?

A

antiviral activity

27
Q

What is a key result of cytokines in innate immunity?

A

inflammation

28
Q

Type I interferons are part of [innate/adaptive/both] immunity

A

innate

29
Q

Type II are part of [innate/adaptive/both] immunity

A

both innate and adaptive

30
Q

Type I interferons are produced by _____

A

virally-infected nucleated cells

31
Q

Type I interferons are IFN____ and IFN _____

A

IFN-alpha
IFN-beta

32
Q

Type II interferon is IFN __

A

IFN-gamma

33
Q

Type II interferon is produced by ____ and activated _____

A

NK cells
TH1

34
Q

What do Type II interferons activate?

A

macrophages
neutrophils
NK cells

35
Q

Type II interferons promote ____ development and inhibit _____. It also promotes _______ and upregulates _____

A

promotes TH1 development
inhibits TH2 development
promotes B cells to produce IgG
upregulates MHC expression on APCs

36
Q

Cytokines that mediate and regulate adaptive immunity is produced primarily by ____

A

T lymphocytes

37
Q

Cytokines that mediate and regulate adaptive immunity is elicited in response to _________

A

specific antigen recognition

38
Q

Cytokines that mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regulate ________

A

lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation

39
Q

Cytokines that mediate and regulate adaptive immunity enhances the ______ defense

A

innate

40
Q

What are the cytokines that mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

IL-2
IL-4
IL-13
IL-10
TGF-beta
IFN-gamma

41
Q

What does IL-2 do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

lymphocyte proliferation
make sure only T cells that recognize antigen proliferate
AUTOCRINE

42
Q

What does IL-4 do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

stimulate TH2
B cell differentiation (IgE)

43
Q

What does IL-13 do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

B cell differentiation (IgE)

44
Q

What does IL-10 do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

inhibit TH1

45
Q

What does TGF-beta do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

Treg cytokine
B cell differentiation (IgA)

46
Q

What does IFN-gamma do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding regulation of lymphocyte activation, growth, and differentiation?

A

B cell differentiation (IgG)

47
Q

What does IFN-gamma do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding enhancing innate immunity?

A

activate macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells

48
Q

What does TNF do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding enhancing innate immunity?

A

activate endothelial cells
activate neutrophils

49
Q

What does IL-5 do to mediate and regulate adaptive immunity regarding enhancing innate immunity?

A

eosinophil activation and generation

50
Q

Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis regulate _____

A

growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells

51
Q

Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis are part of [innate/adaptive/both] immunity

A

both

52
Q

What are the cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis?

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin and IL-11
IL-3
IL-5
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

53
Q

What are the functions of the cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis?

A
54
Q

T/F: Cytokines are only produced when needed

A

TRUE

55
Q

How do cytokines act?

A

by bind to specific membrane receptors on target cells

56
Q

Expression of cytokine receptors is regulated by [one/multiple] signals

A

multiple

57
Q

Cellular responses to cytokines require new _____ and ________ synthesis

A

mRNA
protein

58
Q

What are examples of cytokine regulation?

A

receptor antagonists
release of soluble receptors to soak up or neutralize cytokine
cytokines of opposite effect to counteract the repsonse
a deceptor (decoy) receptor

59
Q

When signaling molecules bind to their receptors, ______ are generated. They then activate the transcription of selected genes

A

transcription factors

Immunology (36 decks)

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