Mucosal Immunity (25)

Question 1

Why is mucosal protection important?

Answer 1

the first barrier to invading organisms

Question 2

What are the musosal innate defense mechanisms broken down into?

Answer 2

physical barrier
clearance mechanisms
physiologic adaptations
chemical defenses
enzymatic proteins
antimicrobial peptides

Question 3

What are some physical barriers?

Answer 3

tears, vomiting, saliva, acid pH, etc

Question 4

T/F: Particle size of the respiratory tract narrows going distally

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

_____ inactivate some viruses and bacteria

Answer 5

Bile secretions

Question 6

What is a physiological adaptation of epithelium?

Answer 6

turnover
tight junctions - prevent bacterial translocation across areas

Question 7

What are chemical defenses for physiological adaptations?

Answer 7

superoxide
nitric oxide

Question 8

Intestinal epithelium produces ___ and ____ substances

Answer 8

bacteriocidal
bacteriostatic

Question 9

What are the protein inhibitors?

Answer 9

lactoferrin
enzymes
interferon
complement

Question 10

What do paneth cells do?

Answer 10

secrete antimicrobial peptides
small cationic hydrophobic peptides

Question 11

When does the adaptive mucosal immune system have population and development?

Answer 11

3rd trimester
fully develops after birth

Question 12

What is included in the adaptive mucosal immune system?

Answer 12

IgA-producing B cells
site-specific activated T-cells

Question 13

Secondary defense of adaptive mucosal immune system involves ______

Answer 13

IgE-producing B cells

Question 14

Fully developed adaptive mucosal system can be separated into _____ and _____ sites

Answer 14

induction
effector

Question 15

What is the predictable pathway of intestinal mucosal adaptive response?

Answer 15

Question 16

Lymphocytes express integrin ____

Answer 16

a4/b7

Question 17

What is the inductive site?

Answer 17

where antigen is processed and B/T cells are activated
- GALT
- BALT/NALT

antigen sampling is from lumen NOT afferent lymph

Question 18

What are the components o the inductive sites?

Answer 18

dome (M cells)
follicle
para-follicular region

Question 19

What are M (microfold) cells responsible for?

Answer 19

transcytosis of antigens to cross gut epithelium
release to APCs at basal surface

has a ton of surface area for APCs/lymphoid cells to interdigitate and interact with antigens

Question 20

What are effector sites?

Answer 20

sites where antibodies and cell-mediated responses are mounted

Question 21

Where are effector sites?

Answer 21

lamina propria of GI, respiratory, and reproductive tract
secretory glandular tissue (lacrimal, salivary, mammary)

found in Peter’s patches - most found in diffuse lymphoid nodules

Question 22

What expresses effector function?

Answer 22

activated B and T cells

Question 23

What is the antibody response in mucosal surfaces? It secretes ____

Answer 23

B cells that originate in inductive tissues travel to lymphoid follicles for expansion then migrate to lamina propria

secretes IgA (highest), IgG, IgM, IgE

Question 24

Ig___ is in 80% of plasma cells in the body

Answer 24

IgA

Question 25

What is the significance of IgG1?

Answer 25

the secretory product for mammary gland
serum-derived
selective transfer via FcRn receptor

Question 26

T/F: IgG only predominates in milk (mucosal surfaces)

Answer 26

TRUE
usually IgA in other mucosal surfaces

Question 27

What is the major function of secretory IgA?

Answer 27

exclusion effect

Question 28

Secretory IgA is a _____ product. The majority is produced at the _____ surface and is complexed with a J chain in plasma cells to form dimeric product.

Answer 28

dimeric
epithelial

Question 29

Secretory IgA product is secreted at ____ surface of epithelial cells

Answer 29

basolateral

Question 30

IgA excludes pathogens by 3 distinct mechanisms at mucosal surfaces:

Answer 30

in lamina propria can bind pathogens
within epithelial cells can bind viruses
within the lumen can bind pathogens

Question 31

Ig___ and Ig____ serve as second line of humoral defense

Answer 31

IgE
IgG
backup for pathogens that avoid IgA exclusion

Question 32

IgE secreting cells are found mainly on _____

Answer 32

body surfaces
bound to mast cells in lamina propria

Question 33

Mast cell degranulation leads to _______

Answer 33

intensified immune response
IgE

increased flow of blood rich in IgG

Question 34

In the cell-mediated response for mucosal immunity, the majority of T-cells is _____

Answer 34

CD8+

Question 35

CD8+ do what between epithelial surfaces and bloodstream?

Answer 35

recirculate continuously

Question 36

A4B7 integrin serves to localize ____ to epithelial surfaces and found where?

Answer 36

CD8+
found in lamina propria and beneath/between enterocytes

Question 37

Up to 90% of ____ are in ruminants

Answer 37

gamma delta
these are CD4-/CD8-
can directly respond to antigen
provide exclusionary effect

Question 38

IEL ______ in GI tract are unique. How?

Answer 38

gamma delta CD8-/CD4-
they can recognize antigen directly without processing - secrete IFN-gamma in response

can also recognize specialized MHC Ib molecules expressed on stressed cells

Question 39

Systemic vaccination leads to Ig___ response in mucosal immunity

Answer 39

IgG

Question 40

What are certain infection that can affect mucosal surfaces?

Answer 40

feline rhinotracheitis
bovine rhinotracheitis
coronavirus
influenza