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Immunology > Triggers of Adaptive Immunity (8) > Flashcards

Triggers of Adaptive Immunity (8) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Innate immunity only recognizes a limited number of conserved microbial PAMPs

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What is the trigger of adaptive immunity?

A

antigens

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3
Q

What does the adaptive immune system recognize and respond to?

A

almost all foreign macromolecules present in an invading microbe

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4
Q

Foreign molecules are called ______

A

antigens

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5
Q

What is antigenicity?

A

inherent capacity of a molecule to be recognized by the immune system

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6
Q

List microbial antigens

A

bacterial antigens
viral antigens
fungi, protozoan parasites, arthropods, helminths

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7
Q

List some non-microbial antigens

A

cell-surface antigens
autoantigens

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8
Q

What is the structure of viral antigens?

A

nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein layer (capsid)

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9
Q

What are examples of bacterial antigens?

A

peptidoglycans
lipoteichoic acid
lipopolysaccharides
lipoproteins

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10
Q

The protein layer of a viral antigen is called a ________

A

capsid

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11
Q

Multiple subunits that make up a capsid is called ______, and they are [good/bad] antigens

A

capsomeres
good

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12
Q

Viral proteins expressed on the surface of infected cells can provide [innate/adaptive] immunity

A

adaptive

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13
Q

What are some other microbial antigens?

A

fungal pathogens
protozoan
parasites
arthropods
helmnitnhs

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14
Q

How does food sometimes become a non-microbial antigen?

A

may trigger immune response and cause an allergic reaction

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15
Q

What are pollen grains?

A

non-microbial antigen
inhaled dust may contain these antigenic particles and then trigger an immune response

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16
Q

Blood group antigens are called

A

glycoproteins

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17
Q

What is an auto-antigen?

A

sometimes an animal may mount an immune response against normal body components
called autoimmune responses
antigens that reduce responses are called autoantigens
thyroglobulins, myelin, mitochondrial proteins

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18
Q

What is tissue graft rejection triggered by?

A

histocompatibility antigens
these are non-microbial antigens

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19
Q

What makes a good antigen?

A

large
complex (so immune system can recognize it and respond)
foreign
stable

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20
Q

What reduces antigenicity?

A

excessive or insufficient stability

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21
Q

What are some factors that affects the ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response?

A

route of administration
amount of antigen administered
genetic makeup of immunized animal

22
Q

T/F: The smaller the molecule, the greater its antigenicity

A

FALSE - larger!

23
Q

_______ are large molecules and generally potent antigens

A

Proteins

24
Q

Almost all molecules with a molecular weight of <1000 daltons Da are [good/poor] antigens

A

poor

25
Q

The [greater/smaller] the difference in molecular structure between a foreign antigen and the animal’s own antigens, the greater the intensity of the immune response

A

greater

26
Q

Why do animals not recognize self-proteins?

A

B-cells and T-cells that have the potential to recognize the self-proteins are eliminated from the body

27
Q

T/F: The structural complexity of a molecule is directly proportional to its antigenicity

A

TRUE

28
Q

T/F: A large antigen is always a good antigen
If false, why?

A

FALSE
repeating polymers such as lipids, nucleic acids, and carbs tend to be poorly antigenic

29
Q

What are flexible molecules? Do they make good antigens?

A

make poor antigens because BCRs and antibodies cannot recognize unstable molecules that change conformation

30
Q

How do you stabilize flexible molecules?

A

cross-link them dramatically enhance their antigenicity

31
Q

The more simple ____ are broken down too quickly to be antigenic

A

polysaccharides

32
Q

When are large polysaccharides highly antigenic?

A

when complexed with proteins

33
Q

Glycoproteins are ______ antigens and illicit immune responses to which antibodies are directed specifically against the _______ of the molecule

A

polysaccharide
polysaccharide moiety

34
Q

What are epitopes?

A

antigenic determinants
specific regions against which immune responses are directed

35
Q

T/F: A single large protein can stimulate multiple immune responses

A

TRUE

36
Q

There is one epitope per _____ of a protein

A

5 kDa

37
Q

In a complex protein molecule, ______ epitopes are recognized by the immune system. Some are more ______ than others

A

multiple
immunogenic

38
Q

The epitopes in a complex protein molecule that are more immunogenic than others are called

A

immunodominant epitopes

39
Q

If small molecules are chemically linked to a large protein molecule, what happens?

A

new epitopes will be formed on the surface of the larger molecule
this complex when injected in an animal will trigger an immune response

40
Q

What are haptens?

A

the small molecules that can function as epitopes only when bound to other larger molecules

41
Q

What is a carrier?

A

the antigenic molecule to which the haptens are attached

42
Q

What is urushiol?

A

the toxic component of a poison ivy plant
can bind to any protein when it comes into contact

43
Q

What does urushiol bind to when it comes in contact with skin?

A

binds with skin proteins of a person who rubs against the plant

44
Q

The modified skin proteins in poison ivy are treated as _____ and attacked by _______

A

foreign
lymphocytes

45
Q

What does poison ivy result in?

A

allergic contact dermatitis

46
Q

What is a cross-reaction?

A

identical or similar epitopes may sometimes be found on apparently unrelated molecules
antibodies directed against one antigen may thus react with an unrelated antigen

47
Q

Give examples of cross-reactions

A

bacterial or food antigen carrying epitope for blood-group glycoprotein
brucella abortus and some strains of yersenia entercolitica
feline infectious peritonitis virus and virus of pig transmissible gastroenteritis
pig example

48
Q

Antigens that are enzymatically broken down too quickly into smaller units [are / are not] very antigenic. Why?

A

are not; there is not enough time for recognition by BCRs and to be presented by APC

49
Q

Are simple polysaccharides good antigens?

A

NO - poor
readily digested
starch, glycogen

50
Q

What makes the best antigens?

A

proteins

51
Q

Are lipids and nucleic acids good antigens? Why?

A

NO - poor
readily degradable

52
Q

Why are nucleic acids in nucleoproteins antigenic?

A

because the nucleic acid is linked to the ‘carrier’ nucleoprotein

Immunology (36 decks)

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