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usmle > uworld incorrets 3 > Flashcards

uworld incorrets 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the causes of congenital hypothyrodisim

A

tsh resitance/dysgenesis
thyroid hormone resitance
central hypothyrodisim

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2
Q

what is coltivirus

A

characterized by fever, vomiting, myalgias, and weaknes

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3
Q

rash in roseola

A

transient maculopapular rash that appears for a few days on the chest and trunk once the patient’s fever subsides.

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4
Q

rash in varciella

A

begins on the trunk and spreads centrifugally to involve the face and extremities.

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5
Q

what are the symotoms of neonate in gestational diabetices

A

HCOM-increased glycogen synthesis

Perinatal asphyxia

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6
Q

assymtomatic gonorrhea

A

symptomatic infection increases the risk of spread to deeper tissues (eg, disseminated gonococcal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease) because of treatment delay.

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7
Q

clinical rpesentation of mastitis

A

swelling,pain erythema, fever and leukolcytosis

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8
Q

moa of intereferons

A

Inteferons only produced in double stranded rna
RNASEL and Protien kinase R inactivated eif2 inhibting translation
induce MHC class1

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9
Q

henoch scholen purpura presentation

A

palpable purpura, renal disease, and arthritis/arthralgias

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10
Q

Drugs with high liphoclity have high Vd

A

high intrinsic hepatic clearance tend to have high lipophilicity and a high volume of distribution

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11
Q

drugs with low vd

A

Drugs with a low distribution volume tend to be confined to the bloodstream and tend not to diffuse readily through hepatocytes into the bile.

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12
Q

poor cns penetration implemets that drug has

A

low lipholicity

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13
Q

what sort of burns are common in lighting

A

uperficial burns are common in lightning injury.

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14
Q

what causes lichtenberg figures

A

flashover effect,” the tendency of lightning to travel over the skin surface and discharge to the ground. This effect is responsible for the formation of Lichtenberg figures.

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15
Q

can lighting cause mechanical trauma

A

Lightning induces rapid heating of the surrounding air, generating shock waves that can travel through the body and cause mechanical trauma. As a result, patients should be thoroughly assessed for skeletal fractures. Myocardial contusion and pulmonary barotrauma occur less frequently and would be extremely rare causes of death.

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16
Q

what is the cutoff value of febrile neutropenia

A

<500

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17
Q

MOA of pseudomonas erythema gangerosum

A

MOa of ecthyema gangreosum
Perivascular bacterial invasion of arteries and veins in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with subsequent release of exotoxins destructive to human tissue, leads to characteristic skin patches exhibiting necrosis and ulceration as a result of insufficient blood flow

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18
Q

toxins responsible for erythema gangerosum

A

Eoroxin A ( protein synthesis inhibtion)
elastase
PLC( degrades cell membranes
Pyocyanin

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19
Q

UTI with sepsis which bug

A

ecoli

20
Q

strep pyogenes necrotizing fascitis

A

Necrotizing fascitis
single infection(erythema,edema/warmth) causes poop
purpuric discoloratio, bullae/sensory loss

21
Q

adalilumab when is clearence decreased

how is it eliminated

A

adaliumab = can induce anti immunoglonin abs

increased entrohepatic circulation is seen in cancer chemotherapeutics due to exposure to intestinal mucosa

how are they elininated
receptor mediated endocytosis=in reticuloendothelial system

increased renal clearence due to nephropathy

22
Q

what causes decreased concentration of adalilumab in blood

A

renal clearenc etdue to nephropathy

23
Q

cryptochoridsism predisposes to ? what infection

A

genital infection

leydig cell tumor not temperature sensticive

24
Q

SCHistoma hematobium intialpx

katayama fever

A

what can schistoma heamtobium present as
swimmers itch

what is katayam fever
(fever, urticaria, angioedema, eosinophilia), can affect the bladder (causing terminal hematuria, fibrosis

25
Q

toxic and metabolic nerve injury is protopotional to what

A

oxic or metabolic nerve injury (eg, diabetic peripheral neuropathy) is typically proportionate to the length of the sensory nerve fibers.

26
Q

Ubq proteasome pathway in chacexia

A

Cachexia is a hypermetabolic state driven by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6), which stimulate the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to degrade skeletal muscle proteins (e

UBiquiting pathway=involved in selective proerolysis
+ of ubq to a target protein marks rapid destruction

27
Q

how does dystophin cause myocardial damage

A

leads to membrane tears calcium enters to cause swelling

28
Q

reporgamming of stem ceels=

A

cachexia

29
Q

Nicotine use in pregancy

A

low birth weight and prematurity

30
Q

williams syndrome

A

with “elfin” facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis, and an extroverted personality.

31
Q

patau syndrome what is the main defect

A

prechordal mesoderm, failure results in patau syndrome

what is prechordal mesoderm

integral embryological structure affecting growth of the midface, eyes, and forebrain.therefore results in midline defects which are?
holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, microphthalmia, cleft lip/palate, and omphalocele. Abnormal brain development results in intellectual disability and seizur

32
Q

type B adverse effect

A

Exaggerated sensitivity: predictable rxn at lower than expected do

33
Q

type a adverse effect

A

redictable rxn due to known properties of drug

ex nsaids

34
Q

what are the 2 hiv strains

A

R5 strains (macrophage-tropic) of HIV attach to the host CD4 receptor and CCR5 chemokine coreceptor; CCR5 inhibs such as maraviroc can be used in the Tx of R5 virus

35
Q

R5 strains

A

CCR5 expressed in both macrophages and lymphocyt

36
Q

x4 strains

A

cxcr4 expressed only on lympho

37
Q

HIV tropism

A

HIV trophism is determined by a gene sequence in the variable (V3) region of the env gene, which encodes for the HIV surface glycoprotein 120.

38
Q

How does efavirenz work

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, efavirenz, nevirapine) allosterically bind reverse transcriptase, which alters its shape and prevents it from converting the HIV RNA genome into complementary DNA (cDN

39
Q

how does nuceloside reverse transcriptase work

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, tenofovir, emtricitabine) competitively bind reverse transcriptase and are integrated into growing cDNA strands, which results in chain termination.

40
Q

what is neoplastic cord compression

A

extension of vertebral metastasis into epidural space
these tumors
umors can encase the thecal sac and cause venous obstruction, leading to vasogenic edema, cord ischemia, and infarctio

41
Q

spinal stenosis

A

spinal stensosi

due to thicknening of flavum or spondulosis

42
Q

what causes intramedullary metastasis

A

lung cancer

43
Q

use depdnacy and reverse use dependancy

A 
if a drug lengthens qrs in rate dependant manner it = use depdancy
class 1c dissociate slwly from sodium channel during diastole therefore high hr means high depndancy
if qrs is normal at rest and increases during excercise=use depdnacy however if qrs decreases during excercise reverse use depndancy

type qqq slow hr meants higher depdnacy

44
Q

anti jo antibody is what sort of antibody

A

Ant Jo 1 (histidyL tRNA synthetase)

45
Q

polymyosistis

A

Associated with interstitial lung disease, myocarditis and malignancy (especially adenocarcinom

46
Q

histopath b/w dermatomyositis and polymyositis

A

Biopsy in polymyositis shows patchy endomysial inflammatory infiltrate (ie, direct invasion of individual muscle fibers), whereas dermatomyositis causes perifascicular inflammation (ie, localized around blood vessels and the septa between muscle fascicles).

usmle (38 decks)

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