uworld incorrect 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

why is PTU prefered in 1st trimeter then methimazole

A

Methimazole is preferred for most patients due the hepatotoxicity of PTUmethimazole has potential teratogenic effect

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2
Q

when does thyroid gland develop

A

week 12

abscence,ectopic,hypoplasia

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3
Q

how does mosaicism cause downs

A

ffected individuals have 2 distinct cell lines as a result of nondisjunction during mitosis

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4
Q

changes in male hormones in age

A

ncreased hepatic synthesis (and rising serum levels) of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG)

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5
Q

sexual changes in men

A

Decreased ejaculate volume
Increased erectile latency and sexual refractory period (ie, time from orgasm until another orgasm is possible)
Moderately impaired erectile function with increased stimulation needed to achieve an erection

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6
Q

which drugs displace testosterone from SHBG

A

, danazol) and progestins

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7
Q

when is shbg suppressed

A

insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesi total testosterone levels are reduced.free preserved

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8
Q

how does hyperthrydosism cause increaed testosterone

A

increased production of SHBG independent of age; total testosterone increases to saturate the increased steroid hormone–binding sites, and free testosterone is unchanged

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9
Q

which medication increases proteasome activity

A

bortezomib

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10
Q

ncrease ubiquitination of regulatory proteins produced in excess in neoplastic cells

A

lenalidomide) increases the binding affinity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to specific transcription factors Binding attaches ubiquitin to the TFs, which leads to their subsequent destruction by the proteasom

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11
Q

ho would the frc graph look in pneumothoraax

A

19916

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12
Q

aging in respiratory system

A

low chest wall compliance-calcification of intercostal joints tendons,and kyphosis
low alveolar elastic recoil-degenration of elastin
increase a-a gradient-alveolar enlargement

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13
Q

markers of osteoblastic activity

A

N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (PINP), which is released during post-translation cleavage of type 1 procollagen before its assembly into mature type 1 collagen fibrils.

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14
Q

G protein coupled receptors bind gp horomes 3 major domains

A

a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins.
transmemrane=nonpolar hydrophobic AA

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15
Q

extracellular domain of a transmembrane

A

composed of hydrophilic amino acids.

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16
Q

repair in cns vs peripheral tissues

A

astrocytes vs fibroblasts

17
Q

why patient with pitutary apoplexy has severe hypotension

A

because of central adrenal failure

18
Q

carotid dissection px

A

horner sybdrome-HTN,CT disease and smoking

19
Q

apoplexy vs sheehan

A

sheehan is ischemic necrosis=endocrine abnormality

20
Q

structure of trna

A

3’ terminal hydroxyl group of CCA tail gets loaded with appropriate AA via aminoacylt tRNA synthetase
• T loop (ribothymidine, pseudouridine and cytidine): needed for tRNA binding to ribosome
• D loop (dihydrouridine): facilitates correct tRNA recognition by aminoacy

21
Q

function of lecithinase

A

toxin increases platelet aggregation and adherence molecule expression on leukocytes and endothelial cells, resulting in vasoocclusion and ischemic necrosis of affected tissues.

22
Q

why amatidine reduces tremores

A

It is thought also to have some anticholinergic properties, which reduce tremors.

23
Q

why low platelet count in maternal woman

A

materanal plasma volume expansion
incr by 30% protect against hemorrhage however plt doesnt increase

why is the other organ where sequesteration of platelets occur?

placenta

24
Q

procalcitonin as an APR

A

erum concentrations change by 225% during periods of inflammation. Procalcitonin is a unique APR that can rise or fall depending on the etiology of the infection; elevated levels correlate with a bacterial source, whereas low levels indicate a viral source.

25
Q

define intermettient explosive disorder

A

IED is characterised by recurrent episodes of explosive verbal or physical aggression. The aggressive behaviours are impulsive and grossly out of proportion to the provocation.

26
Q

how to diagnose dysruptive mood dysregulation

A

acute mania
=verbal /physical aggressive

how do you diAGNOSE DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION
-verbal and physical outburst age of onset<10

27
Q

where i p glycoprotein expressed

A

p-glycoprotein, are highly expressed on the luminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells

28
Q

what is oppositional defiant disorder

A

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) involves a pattern of angry/irritable mood and argumentative/defiant behavior toward authority figures.

29
Q

blockage of sinus of the breast

A

galactocele

30
Q

how is lobular carcinoma organised as?

A

single file

31
Q

Why is DBP unchanged in aerobic excercise

A

19895

32
Q

how to differentiate between rupture of uterus from rupture of placenta

A

rupture of uterus fetal parts are palbable whereas placent not palabable

33
Q

when is placenta acreta diagnosed

A

abnormal invasion of trophoblast commonly dagnosed after delivery only

34
Q

which area of the nasal cavity contains anterior nasal septum

A

kisselback plx

35
Q

function of lateral nasal wall

A

contain sup, middle and inf turbinates (conchae)

36
Q

what supploes posterior choanae

A

sphenopalatine artery supply the posterolateral wall and posterior choanae causes posterior epitaxis

37
Q

ischemic change of neuron

A

Neurons that sustain irreversible ischemic injury begin to develop char histopath changes 12-24hrs after the inciting event. These changes incl shrinkage of the cell body, pyknosis of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cytoplasmic eosinophilia (red neurons

38
Q

wallerian degeneration cell body changes

A

how does wallerian degeneration look like

cell body swelling, nucleus in periphery and disprsion of nissil bodies