uworld incorrect 9 Flashcards
why is PTU prefered in 1st trimeter then methimazole
Methimazole is preferred for most patients due the hepatotoxicity of PTUmethimazole has potential teratogenic effect
when does thyroid gland develop
week 12
abscence,ectopic,hypoplasia
how does mosaicism cause downs
ffected individuals have 2 distinct cell lines as a result of nondisjunction during mitosis
changes in male hormones in age
ncreased hepatic synthesis (and rising serum levels) of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG)
sexual changes in men
Decreased ejaculate volume
Increased erectile latency and sexual refractory period (ie, time from orgasm until another orgasm is possible)
Moderately impaired erectile function with increased stimulation needed to achieve an erection
which drugs displace testosterone from SHBG
, danazol) and progestins
when is shbg suppressed
insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesi total testosterone levels are reduced.free preserved
how does hyperthrydosism cause increaed testosterone
increased production of SHBG independent of age; total testosterone increases to saturate the increased steroid hormone–binding sites, and free testosterone is unchanged
which medication increases proteasome activity
bortezomib
ncrease ubiquitination of regulatory proteins produced in excess in neoplastic cells
lenalidomide) increases the binding affinity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to specific transcription factors Binding attaches ubiquitin to the TFs, which leads to their subsequent destruction by the proteasom
ho would the frc graph look in pneumothoraax
19916
aging in respiratory system
low chest wall compliance-calcification of intercostal joints tendons,and kyphosis
low alveolar elastic recoil-degenration of elastin
increase a-a gradient-alveolar enlargement
markers of osteoblastic activity
N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (PINP), which is released during post-translation cleavage of type 1 procollagen before its assembly into mature type 1 collagen fibrils.
G protein coupled receptors bind gp horomes 3 major domains
a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins.
transmemrane=nonpolar hydrophobic AA
extracellular domain of a transmembrane
composed of hydrophilic amino acids.
repair in cns vs peripheral tissues
astrocytes vs fibroblasts
why patient with pitutary apoplexy has severe hypotension
because of central adrenal failure
carotid dissection px
horner sybdrome-HTN,CT disease and smoking
apoplexy vs sheehan
sheehan is ischemic necrosis=endocrine abnormality
structure of trna
3’ terminal hydroxyl group of CCA tail gets loaded with appropriate AA via aminoacylt tRNA synthetase
• T loop (ribothymidine, pseudouridine and cytidine): needed for tRNA binding to ribosome
• D loop (dihydrouridine): facilitates correct tRNA recognition by aminoacy
function of lecithinase
toxin increases platelet aggregation and adherence molecule expression on leukocytes and endothelial cells, resulting in vasoocclusion and ischemic necrosis of affected tissues.
why amatidine reduces tremores
It is thought also to have some anticholinergic properties, which reduce tremors.
why low platelet count in maternal woman
materanal plasma volume expansion
incr by 30% protect against hemorrhage however plt doesnt increase
why is the other organ where sequesteration of platelets occur?
placenta
procalcitonin as an APR
erum concentrations change by 225% during periods of inflammation. Procalcitonin is a unique APR that can rise or fall depending on the etiology of the infection; elevated levels correlate with a bacterial source, whereas low levels indicate a viral source.
