NErvous system Flashcards
expalin effects of levodopa combined with carbidopa
Causes anxiety, agitiation, confusion, delusions, hallucinations in CNS • Not corrected by carbidopa (prevents peripheral conversion of L dopa to dopamine) • Possibly give atypical antipsychotics to help (clozapine) Carbidopa will help with because peripheral dopamine causes • N/V due to sitmulation of emetic center (outside BBB) • Tachyarrhythmia • Postural hypotension and hot flashes
hiv associated dementia pathogenesisi
Attention problems, executive
dysfunction, slow information processing(effects subcortical area)
• Activation of microglial > microglial
nodules (multinucleated giant cells)
he underlying pathology of HIV-associated dementia is thought to stem from the release of neurotoxic compounds by these activated monoctes
how does vasuclar dementia present with
Large areas of encephalomalacia
Lacunar infarctions cause slit-like white matter cavities with surrounding gliosis.
what is hypnocretin
Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin-B) are neuropeptides produced in the lateral hypothal that promote wakefulness and inhib REM sleep-related phenomena REM latency less than 15 min
Low 5• HIAA in CSF
Impulsive, destructive behavior with
agreesion and suicide
CJD in csf
High 14• 3• 3 in CSF
Parkinson and alzehimrs csf
Parkinsons
• Low HVA in CSF
Alzheimers
• Decreased melatonin in CSF as disease
how does primary cns tumor look
Primary CNS tumor • Immunocompromised • 1 or multiple lesions involving gray matter, white matter of cortex nvolving the deep gray matter, white matter, and cortex.
small fibre and large fibre difference in diabetic neuropathy
Small-fiber injury is characterized by predominance of positive symptoms (eg, pain, paresthesias, allodynia).
Large-fiber involvement is characterized by predominance of negative symptoms (eg, numbness, loss of proprioception and vibration sense, sensory ataxia [eg, positive Romberg sign], diminished ankle reflexes).
explain course of median nerve
Runs with brachial art between biceps and brachialis, through antecubital foss, between humeral and ulnar head of pronator teres then between flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis before entering flexor retinaculum
large intracytoplasmic vacoules seen in—–
cjd
waht are the path finding in MS
Plaques and gliosis in periventricular white matter are characteristic pathologic findings of multiple sclerosis
explan diabetic neuropathy in cn why cn 3 damage leads to eye moving out and downward
Diabetic CN III mononeuropathy classically presents with acute onset diplopia. On examination, the affected eye assumes a “down and out” position due to the unopposed pull by the superior oblique (CN IV) and lateral rectus (CN VI) muscles because all other extraocular muscles (inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial recti) are supplied by CN III. Ptosis also occurs due to paralysis of the levator palpebra
explain how can lacular infarct fuck up cn 3
Lacunar infarct
• CN 3 can in involved + cerebellar ataxia,
hemiparesis, contralateral EPS
which cranial nerves involved in diabeties
346 3 mcc
