amboss incorrects Flashcards
1
Q
false incorrets of vdrl
A
h viral infections, rheumatic fever, lupus, or leprosy.
2
Q
white lump curd ike discharge in vagina
A
vulvovaginitis
3
Q
an old woman has high inhibin b what could the diagnosis be
A
granulosa cell tumor
4
Q
contraindications of ocps
A
OCPs are contraindicated in women who have migraines with aura, smoke cigarettes above the age of 35 years, or have a history of stroke, thromboembolism, breast cancer, or liver disease.
5
Q
histology of an oocyte
A
surrounded by flat granulosa cells, stroma surrounds granulosa
6
Q
when does meiosis complete in an ococyte
A
Primary oocyte arrest occurs in prophase I of meiosis I (think PROphase = PRior to Ovulation).
Secondary oocyte arrest occurs in metaphase II of meiosis II (think METaphase = before egg MET sperm).
7
Q
female embryonic deriative of gubarnaculum
A
Ovarian ligament
8
Q
what is the purpose of giving ocps in pcos
A
increases SHBG binds to testosterone decreases androgens
9
Q
how does progesterone act
A
it arrests endometrium at certain stage
10
Q
raloxifene contraindications
A
previous throm
11
Q
does endometriois increase risk of malignancy
A
yes
12
Q
what is round ligament responsible for
A
anteverson antiflexion of uterus
13
Q
what is artery of sampson
A
anatomosis in uterine and ovarian artery
14
Q
what is a dermoid cyst
A
A mature cystic teratoma that can occur on the head, the neck, spine, cranium, and in the abdomen (most common ovarian tumor in females). Cysts typically become symptomatic as they grow in size. They are treated with complete surgical excision.
15
Q
how tod istinguish uterine prolapse from cytocele
A
urinary symotoms same, but cystocele has vaginal protusion uterine prolapse has decent of utrus
16
Q
gestial sac visualistion and dilated cervix is
A
Visualization of the gestational sac and dilatation of the cervix in a woman at only 31 weeks’ gestation would be concerning for preterm labor. A
17
Q
causes of congenital torticollis
A
., secondary to clavicular fracture, cervical fracture, or dislocation of C1/C2 with spastic contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
18
Q
defective intraellular transport of meanosomes to keratinocyes
A
post inflammatory hypopigmenation
19
Q
a pregnant with prexisitng heart disease
A
systolic benign diastolic path
20
Q
vaterl association leads o
A
polyhydraminos
21
Q
best drug for treating postpartum hemorrhage
A
oxytocin
22
Q
small pelvis shallow intragleutal cleft maternal diabeties
A
caudal regression syndrme
23
Q
which rrna trasncript is transcribed outside the nucleous
A
rrna transcrpit 5s rna poly 3
24
Q
i give a person azothoprine and he has xanthine oxidase deficiency
A
no secretion of thiouric acid azothoprine completely blocks HGPRT, since it blocks HGPRT no salvage= increased toxicity
25
uti by klebseilla causes what colour change of agar
greent o purple
26
pyrdazimide tb drug
requires acidic ph to be activated so its only functional within lysosomes not exxtracellular
27
pyrdazimide tb drug
requires acidic ph to be activated so its only functional within lysosomes not exxtracellular
28
which is the only trna that does not bind to A site
Methonine
29
what is the function of N fromylmethonine
it codes for chemotaxis of neutrophils
30
where does n and o glycosylation occur
n occurs in rer o occurs in golgi in n aspargine is involved in o serine and theorine
31
which aminoacid is excised due to post transitaional modification
The first methionine is subsequently removed by an N-terminal peptidase as a part of the cotranslational or posttranslational modification, while all other sulfur-containing amino acids are not excised
32
which is inovled in methylatiuon
SAm
33
how does the process of N acetylation work
its simple aminoacid methionine is removed by aminoacid peptidase, then replaced by acetyl group by acetyl coa via acetyl transferase this always happens
aceylation also occurs in lysine residudes of histones
34
what is the moa of ampicillin gentamicin synergestic effect
it makes bacterial cell wall more permeable
35
difference between elastin and collagen synthesis
elastin doesnt undergo glyscosylation no hydroxylastion and lysine is crosslinked due to lysl oxidase what is solar elastossis? what is transglutaminase and lysloxidase
36
errors in ubiquintation
parkinson monoubq vs polyubq mom is for trafficking poly is for degradation
37
glucose 6 p to glucose
in ser
38
how do glucorticoids cause osteoporosis
apoptosis of osteocytes, inhibits differenction of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts
high glucorticoid support RANKL synthesis by preosteoblasts
inhibits androgens and estrogens
39
osgood schatler disease
Overuse (especially sports involving sprinting and jumping) during the ossification period (adolescence) → excessive strain and repeated avulsion of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity → inflammation → traction apophysiti
40
chronic inflammation of patella
secondary ossification of the tibial tuberosity → detachment of the apophysis → subsequent callous formation during the healing process → pronounced tibial tubercle [1]
41
chronic inflammation of patella
secondary ossification of the tibial tuberosity → detachment of the apophysis → subsequent callous formation during the healing process → pronounced tibial tubercle [1]
42
myophosphrylase deficiency lab findings and explain the why
flat venous lactate curve with exaggerated elevations in blood ammonia during exer
because glucose not produced to overwhelm the krebs cycle to form pyruvate which causes lactate to form
43
histopath of ewings
```
A t(11;22) chromosomal translocation, resulting in expression of fusion protein EWS-FLI 1,
several layers of new bine around lytic bone
```
44
conversion of prostglandin H2 to txa2
thrombonxane synthase inhibtied by anti thrombitc drugs
45
which drugs inhibti DHF
pyrmethimee, trimethoprim and methotrexate
46
what is codmans triangle
basically when osteosarcomas bcome malignant they grow into the periosteum leading to periosteal reactions (these periosteal reaction are know as bony spicules giving it a suburst appearnence)
47
where do chrondromsarcomas commonly occur
chondrosarcomas commonly present with osteolytic lesions involving the pelvis, spine, or shoulder girdle and mainly occur in patients over the age of 50 years.
48
giant cell osteomas
they arise promixal to the knee and is associated with age 20 however osteosarcoma age 15
49
what is ragged muscle fibres
compensatory proliferation of mitochondria in gomori stain
50
polymyositis vs dermatomysositis
poly is endomysial inflammation, whereas dermato is perimysial
poly is cd8 t whereas dermato is cd4
51
cutaneus manifestaion of dem
mechanis hand, externsor papules symmetrically distributed,, helitrope rash
52
pagets vs osteopetoris
"bowing of the legs" is a buzzword for Paget's disease, and it also tends to be more localized (whereas Osteopetrosis is diffuse). The warmth over the shins is also a clue towards Paget's because of the increased vascularity (remember how it's associated with AV shunts/high output
53
high pth what is changed
subperiosteal changes with cysts
54
osteoporosis what is changed
trabeculae
55
when is woven bone formed
Formed during embryonic development, after fractures (secondary bone healing), and in Paget disease
56
trabecular bone vs cortical bone
it is the ends of the bone which resists tensile strength
57
what are the muscle fibre changes in hypothyroid myopathy and what is elevated
Hypothyroid myopathy is characterized by noninflammatory type II muscle fiber atrophy with relative type I muscle fiber hypertrophy. This condition may also manifest with proximal muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase,
58
why osteomyletits is common in children and why only in the metaphysis
blood is slow in metaphysis creates a sharp lopp whichcauses stasis of blood
59
why we have involvurum what is it and what is sequestrem
Inflammation in the marrow causes increased intramedullary pressure, which forces the exudate into the cortex, where it can rupture through the periosteum. More than 80% of cases of hematogenous osteomyelitis occur in the long bones, the femur and tibia being the most common, and cases usually originate in the metaphyses.
60
osteogensis imperfecta pathophys
cola1 mutation this codes for alpha chains in collagen
61
what are wormian bones
excessiove bones around crainal suture=OI
62
spinal stensosi associated with what genetic disease
achondroplasia
63
intestinal rupture which disease complication
ED vasuclar type type 3 collagen fucked
64
hyperextension of finger can lead to which tendone to rupture
digitoirum to profundus
65
if a ball hits the distal finger what could happen
hyperextension also known as baseball injury
66
what is a trigger finger
An inflammation of the flexor tendon sheath leading to a stenosing tenosynovitis. Patients experience a locking or catching sensation during active flexion-extension activity and often have a palpable nodule along the axis of the flexor tendon. The cause is unknown
67
mechanism of boutinere deformity in RA
Finger deformity caused by hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint with flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint due to slipping or disruption of the central band of the extensor digitorum (ED) tendon. Can be caused by sharp or blunt trauma (e.g., jamming a finger in a door) or by rheumatoid arthritis (inflammation of the joint space pushes the central band of the ED out of its normal anatomical position).
68
epidural abscess presents as
An inflammatory reaction in the epidural space might be caused by an epidural abscess or bone metastases. Both could present with acute back pain and signs of spinal cord compression. However, the patient has no evidence of cancer. Furthermore, an epidural abscess would demonstrate point tenderness and constitutional symptoms (fever, chills) and is usually associated with risk factors such as IV drug use, diabetes, or immunosuppression. Additionally, the acute onset of symptoms makes both diagnoses unlikely.
69
a person comes with macroglossia and osa what could be etiologies
gh,hypothyroidism,glycogen storage disease(pompe)
70
DMPk deficiency
insulin resistance/arrhtymias
71
premature hair loss in men should hint u towards
myotonic dystrophy
72
how to assess supraspinotous injury px
empty can test, and subacromial tnederness
73
how to asses subscapularis muscle injury
liftoff test lift posteriorly
74
explain pathophys of malignant hyperthermia
A mutation in the ryanodine receptor gene of striated muscle cells results in a ryanodine receptor that can be activated by certain substances, such as inhalation narcotics (e.g., isoflurane). This activation leads to an uncontrolled release of Ca2+ from the SR, which results in a continuous contraction that increases the energy and oxygen consumption of the muscle cell enormously. Affected individuals present with lactic acidosis due to increased anaerobic glycolysis and hyperthermia due to increased muscle metabolism. This life-threatening condition is called malignant hyperthermia.
75
how to diagnose fibromyalgia vs polymalgia rheumatica(symmetrical pain)
flu like symotoms with tender points associated with other diseases such ad ibs or incontinence
neck, back, shoulders, and medial aspect of the knees
76
denosumab moa
nfkb inhibtor mimics osteoprogets=rin
77
how is osteoclast activated
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand; ligand of the osteoclast receptors
78
what are the common causes of becker muscular dystrophy
inframe mutations=reading fram intact
| or point mutation which causes deletion
79
splice site mutations are caused in
cancers, dementia, epilepsy, and some types of β-thalassemia.
80
what can damage ulnar nerve
guyon cnaal fucked hamate fucked and pisirofrm fucked
81
posterior interossous nerve
A motor branch of the radial nerve that arises near the lateral epicondyle and innervates all muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm except for the long head of the extensor carpi radialis (which is directly innervated by the radial nerve).
extensor carpi radials muscle preserved causes unapposed wrist deviation
82
radiological finding of gout vs chondrocalcinosis
chondrocalcinois doesnt have punctate radiological findings
83
radiological finding of gout vs chondrocalcinosis
chondrocalcinois doesnt have punctate radiological findings
84
where does calcification occur in pseudogout
Fibrocartilage (meniscus, annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk)
85
supracondylar fracture various displavcements
anterior=brachial artery
anteriolateral=radial nerve
medial =median nerve
86
if you have a flexion type of supracondylar fracture
then you have ulnar nerve injury
87
obtruator artery destroyed in which fracture
acetabulum fracture
88
what is the branch of femoral profundus artery
middle femoral circumflex artery
89
lateral femoral circumflex artery
intertrochanteric artery
90
which muscle inserts in lateral 3rd of clavicle
trapexius muscle displaces posteriorly
91
what inserts in the lateral clavicle
deltoid
92
a person comes with muscle injury if i give him succinyl choline what will happen
cardiac arrythmia
93
which muscle relaxant has organ independant elimination
atarocium
94
which gender does inclusion body myositis
50 male ,assymetic of distal muscle polymositis is generally female
95
myasthenia gravis
fluctuating muscle weakness with ocular involvement worsens end of the day
96
what is seen in polymyalgia rheumatica
Inflammation of synovial structures (e.g., of the subacromial or subdeltoid bursas, of the glenohumeral joint) on ultrasound may be seen in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
97
which physical exam finding is common in OSA
facial plethora
98
a patient develops facial redness on exposure to sunlight what could it be
delayed hypersensitivity reactions
99
what is the pathophys of malasezia causing hypo and hyperpigmentation
Malassezia spp. infect the stratum corneum → lipid degradation → production of acids that inhibit tyrosinase and damage melanocytes → hypopigmentation
the inflammation causes hyperpigmentation,
it is a well demarcated lesion
100
a person takes demeclocycline to treat his malignancy he later develops rash why
photosensitivity
101
if a patient ahs idiopathic rash due to hiv typically greasy could be associated with
sebarrhoreic keratosis
102
sle drug induced vs classical rash
drug induced is erythematous and scaly vs cassical spares nasolabial fold
103
what sort symtom is seen in plegarra
burning
104
ehat is helitroprash
An erythematous to violaceous rash on the upper eyelids, sometimes accompanied by edema. Classically associated with dermatomyositis
105
specify rash in dermatomyositis
associated with nasolabial
106
radiological finding of gout vs chondrocalcinosis
chondrocalcinois doesnt have punctate radiological findings
107
where does calcification occur in pseudogout
Fibrocartilage (meniscus, annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk)
108
supracondylar fracture various displavcements
anterior=brachial artery
anteriolateral=radial nerve
medial =median nerve
109
if you have a flexion type of supracondylar fracture
then you have ulnar nerve injury
110
obtruator artery destroyed in which fracture
acetabulum fracture
111
what is the branch of femoral profundus artery
middle femoral circumflex artery
112
what is the most coommon fetal cause of spontaneus abortions
chromosomal abnormalities
113
which muscle inserts in lateral 3rd of clavicle
trapexius muscle displaces posteriorly
114
what inserts in the lateral clavicle
deltoid
115
a person comes with muscle injury if i give him succinyl choline what will happen
cardiac arrythmia
116
which muscle relaxant has organ independant elimination
atarocium
117
which gender does inclusion body myositis
50 male ,assymetic of distal muscle polymositis is generally female
118
myasthenia gravis
fluctuating muscle weakness with ocular involvement worsens end of the day
119
what is seen in polymyalgia rheumatica
Inflammation of synovial structures (e.g., of the subacromial or subdeltoid bursas, of the glenohumeral joint) on ultrasound may be seen in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
120
which physical exam finding is common in OSA
facial plethora
121
a patient develops facial redness on exposure to sunlight what could it be
delayed hypersensitivity reactions
122
what is the pathophys of malasezia causing hypo and hyperpigmentation
Malassezia spp. infect the stratum corneum → lipid degradation → production of acids that inhibit tyrosinase and damage melanocytes → hypopigmentation
the inflammation causes hyperpigmentation,
it is a well demarcated lesion
123
a person takes demeclocycline to treat his malignancy he later develops rash why
photosensitivity
124
if a patient ahs idiopathic rash due to hiv typically greasy could be associated with
sebarrhoreic keratosis
125
sle drug induced vs classical rash
drug induced is erythematous and scaly vs cassical spares nasolabial fold
126
what sort symtom is seen in plegarra
burning
127
ehat is helitroprash
An erythematous to violaceous rash on the upper eyelids, sometimes accompanied by edema. Classically associated with dermatomyositis
128
specify rash in dermatomyositis
associated with nasolabial
129
how do antiphospholipid antibodies work
These antibodies inactivate anticoagulant proteins (e.g., protein C and protein S, antithrombin III) and activate platelets and vascular endothelium,
130
necrotising autoimmune myopathy
necrotic muscle fibers infiltrated by noninflammatory macrophages beside normal muscle fibers without immune cell infiltration. Occurs in association with other rheumatic diseases (e.g., scleroderma or mixed connective tissue disease) or statin use, but does not improve with discontinuation of statins.
131
atrophic muscle fibres interspaced with hypertrophy
Atrophic muscle fibers interspersed among hypertrophic muscle fibers would be found in spinal muscular atrophy. While spinal muscular atrophy can manifest with progressive muscle weakne
132
which two diseases has gowers sign
SMA/becker, differentiation is spinal muscular atrophy has fasiculations, whereas and bulbar symotoms
133
which virus causes gullian barre syndrome, intial symtoms
zika virus back and limb pain
134
what is the most coommon fetal cause of spontaneus abortions
chromosomal abnormalities
135
decreased grip strenth with fall on outstretched hand
Decreased grip strength with pain in the anatomical snuffbox suggests a scaphoid fracture, which is typically caused by falling onto an outstretched hand.
136
colles fx vs scaphoid
colles dorsiflexed wrist abnormal wrist and radial angulation
137
pathophys of dupteryn contracture
```
Dupuytren contracture (palmar fibromatosis) is a fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia [9]
Injury (trauma/ischemia) to the palmar fascia triggers myofibroblasts → fibroblast proliferation and collagen (type III) deposition → thickening of the palmar fascia → formation of nodules in the palmar fascia
The nodules are adherent to the overlying dermis → characteristic puckering of palmar skin [4]
Nodules progress to form cords in the palmar fascia → flexion contractures of the palmar fas
```
138
osteochondritis disseca s presents with
diffusie joint pain withactivity
focal, aseptic necrosis of subchondral bone (most often the knee, elbow, or ankle) caused by mechanical stress and/or repetitive trauma. Results in the detachment of bone-cartilage fragments that become displaced within in the joint space and causes pain and progressive joint stiffness.§
139
radiograph xray of gout
Punched-out lytic bone lesions with spiky periosteal appositions can be detected in individuals with gout
140
trichenaliis
ransmitted via ingestion of encysted larvae in undercooked meat (especially pork). Infection can be subclinical or manifest with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe infections, larvae disseminate into the skeletal muscle and cause fever, pain, weakness, periorbital edema, and eosinoph
141
do skelektal myocytes have gap junctions
no bectherefore each cell must be stimulated via its endmotor plate
142
what is spigelian hernia
A rare type of hernia that arises in the ventral abdominal wall along the semilunar line, typically below the level of the umbilicus. Has a high risk of complications (e.g., incarceration, strangulation).
143
spinal accesory nerve
The spinal accessory nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen and sends a branch to the sternocleidomastoid muscle 3 cm below the mastoid process before entering the posterior triangle of the neck to innervate the trapezius muscle. Spinal accessory nerve injury resulting in trapezius (and sternocleidomastoid) paralysis would be expected if there were an injury to the upper aspect of the posterior triangle of the neck.
144
where does azygous vein drain
svc at t4
145
what vessl extends to left supraclavicular space
thoracic duct
146
chondrocalcinosis affects which compartment and Oa affects which compartment
patellofemoral joint and the lateral knee compartment,
| oa is medial kneww compartment
147
marginal erosion perarticular tissue opacificaiton=
gout
148
describe soap bubble appearence
loculated epiphyseal cyst
149
celidocranial dysplasia
n autosomal dominant condition characterized by delayed closure of the cranial sutures, craniofacial dysmorphism (e.g., frontal bossing, prominent chin, maxillary hypoplasia), dental abnormalities, and hypoplastic clavicles.
