uworld incorrect 2 Flashcards
decreased chest wall compliance
chest wall compliance decreases in obesity hypoventalation/poor respiratory drive ,opiods and
why does gastric bypass ause overgrowth of bacteria
Gastric bypass Sx can cause SIBO due to excessive bacterial proliferation in the blind-ended gastroduodenal segment.
enteric bacteria
Enteric bacteria product Vit K and Folate
Bacterial overgrowth in duodenum > overproduction of Vit K and folate
Small Intestinal Bacteria Overgrowth
• Can cause B12 def
• Can cause Fe and Zn def injury by bacterial toxin
• Can cause Vit A, D and E def
ataxia telnegctsasia
superficial blanching nests of distended capillaries) and sinopulmonary infection (IgA def)
bare lymphocyte syndrome
MHC 2 deficiency
• No humoral respons
gastroparesis
causes of gastroparesis
uremia,dm,hypothyrodisism
constipation early satiety and vomiting
complement protein deficiences
reccurent infections /sle
DBS in parkinson
x of Parkinson disease may benefit from high- freq deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) or subthalamic nucleus (STN) as it promotes thalamo-cortical disinhib w/ improved mobility
where does the coronary sinus reside
in the AV groove
• 1 in RA, 1 in RV
• 1 in LV via the Ra > coronary sinus (via atrioventricular groove on posterior heart) > lateral venous tributaries into LV
great saphenous vein course
The great saphenous vein is a superficial vein of the leg that originates on the medial side of the foot, courses anterior to the medial malleolus, and then travels up the medial aspect of the leg and thigh. It drains into the femoral vein w/i the region of the femoral triangle, a few cm inferolateral to the pubic tubercle
small saphenous vein
mall saphenous vein: lateral foot to popliteal vein
how does renal artery stenosis manifest in kidney
ischemia iffuse cortical thinning, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and small crowded glomeruli. J
non stenotic RAS
nonstneotic kidney exposed to high Bp=hypertensive enephrosclerosis
-arteriolar wall nthickening hyalinization and hyperplastic artheroscleoriss(due to high pa)
function of protein titin
D mutations in the TTN gene, which encodes for the sarcomere protein titin, are the most common cause of familial DCM.
function of protein titin
Titin is an elastic protein that anchors the beta-myosin heavy chain to the Z-discs and likely contributes to passive myocardial tension
right arrythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is characterized by fibrosis and scarring of right ventricular myocardium, which predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
cause of Right Arry cmo
mpaired desmosome function due to mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins (eg, plakoglobin, desmoplakin)
HCMO
beta-myosin heavy chain or myosin-binding protein C
electrolyte changes in intracellular myocardium
Low ATP > low Na/K pump and Ca SERCA pump > high Na and Ca inside cell causes swelling (also in mitochondria)
• Intracellular K will be low
does hypovluemia increase uric acid absorption
Uric acid absorption is closely tied and directly related to sodium absorption in the proximal renal tubule; therefore, there is typically increased serum uric acid in the setting of hypovolemia
why is ventricular edpa increased in hf
increased preload and afterload
do nitrates reduce coronary perfusion pressure
define coronary perfusion pressure
between the end-diastolic aortic pressure and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure nitrates reduce cornoary perfusion pressurea
brown pigemnt on histopath
LHF leads to chronically ↑ pulm venous and capillary pressures, w/ resulting pulm oedema and extravasation of RBCs into the alveolar parenchyma. The Fe from RBCs is taken up by alveolar macrophages and stored as hemosiderin, appearing as brown pigment on histopathology.
calcium regulation in cardiomyocytes
Ca efflux from cardiac cells prior to relaxation is primarily mediated via an Na/Ca exchange pump and SR Ca-ATPase pump.
