uworld incorrects 100

Question 1

when does cleft lip. and cleft palate develop pathogensis of cleft lip and palate

Answer 1

The first pharyngeal arch splits into the upper maxillary prominence and the lower mandibular prominence.
Fusion of the 2 medial nasal prominences forms the midline intermaxillary segment. The intermaxillary segment will become the philtrum of the upper lip, the 4 medial maxillary teeth, and the primary palate.
The left and right maxillary prominences then fuse with the midline intermaxillary segment to form the upper lip and primary palate. If one of the maxillary prominences fails to fuse with the intermaxillary segment, a unilateral cleft lip results. If both maxillary prominences fail to fuse with the intermaxillary segment, bilateral cleft lip results.

Question 2

holoprosencephaly causes what embryonic defect

Answer 2

failure on intermaxially segment to form, therefore midline defect mutation in sonic hedge hog gene

Question 3

maxilarry prominences give rise to

Answer 3

palantine shelves, which fuse with primary palate defect will form cleft palate

Question 4

hypoplasia of the mandibular prominence associated with

Answer 4

pierre robbinson sequence

Question 5

mechanism of cortisol activation

Answer 5

Cortisol receptor (in cytoplasm) are bound to heat shock protein > cortisol binds to knocks off heat shock protein > receptor dimerization > homodimer translocated to nucleus > alter

Question 6

explain early fasting state and late fasting state

Answer 6

early fasting glycogenslysis by epinephrine and glucagon

later we need eleaveted glucose so we need more enzymes which is caused by cortisol, and growth hormone

Question 7

will you get hiv induced nephropathy

Answer 7

focal segmenal sclerosis