uworld incorrects Flashcards
1
Q
course of ansa cervicalis
A
It courses deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and loops around the internal jugular vein. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles.
2
Q
where does the phrenic nerve pass thorugh
A
between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura.
3
Q
explain the principle of radioimmunoassay
A
competitive antbodies to antigens
4
Q
posterior femor dislocation
what is
A
leg with a posterior hip dislocation appears shortened and internally rotated, with the hip held in flexion and adducti
5
Q
what is atmoxietene
A
Atomoxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
6
Q
what causes ankylosis in RA
A
Ossification of the pannus can lead to fusion of the bones across the affected joint (bony ankylosis).
7
Q
buprior MOA
A
Bupropion is an antidepressant that does not cause sexual dysfunction. It is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
8
Q
what is myositis ossificans
A
a benign condition that develops after contusion to large muscle groups (eg, quadriceps femoris), not small muscles such as the lumbricals. Patients typically report pain in the affected muscle and a palpab
9
Q
which factor mimics factor 8
A
Emicizumab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody, mimics the normal physiologic function of factor VIII and can be used to prevent or treat bleeding in patients who have factor VIII inhibitors. This antibody has 2 binding sites; one site binds to factor IXa and the other binds to factor X, which brings them into close proximity and allows factor IXa to cleave factor X into its active form (Xa).
10
Q
what happens if aromatase not present in female
A
no breast amenorrhea
11
Q
how to diagnosie an anxiety disorder
A
rule out medical condiotons, if patient has no psychaitry history or prominent physical exam finding it is likely due to a medial disorder
12
Q
causes of pancytopenia
A
Aplastic anemia
Infection (eg, parvovirus, HIV, viral hepatitis)
Nutritional deficiency (eg, vitamin B12/folate)
Medications (eg, hydroxyurea)
13
Q
amyloid angiopathy ocurs on which areas of the brain generally
A
parietoocciptal lobe
14
Q
nalaxone has what half life
A
short
15
Q
acetiminophn toxicity
A
cetaminophen poisoning typically causes nausea, vomiting, and malaise in the first 24 hours after ingestion. Liver failure occurs later, and patients typically have jaundice, tachypnea, and confusion (ie, hepatic encephalopathy) that may progress to coma.
16
Q
why pericardial effusionc asues decrease v clear lung firleds
A
Clear lung fields are typically seen because the increase in pericardial pressure (due to pericardial fluid accumulation) affects the lower pressure, right-sided heart chambers more than the left-sided heart chambers. When right-sided obstruction to blood flow is greater than left-sided obstruction, pulmonary edema is unlikely to develop.
17
Q
what happens to circulation on elevated body temp
A
Appropriate responses to elevated temperature include decreased vasodilation (ie, vasoconstriction) of the splanchnic vasculature, which promotes blood flow from the internal organs to the skin, and peripheral vasodilation, which allows for heat dissipation.
18
Q
how does dendritic cell become active
A
When activated, dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen where they display antigen with MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules to activate T-cells and B-cells.
19
Q
when does MS occur in rheumatic fever
A
in middle aged ppl fish mouth deformity
20
Q
excercise associated collapse
A
EAC
endurance athletes
higher CO
strenous excercise significant pressure in venous system/ if excercise stops blood stop moving forward inability to meet caridac demands=collapse
21
Q
worst type of breast cancer tumor
A
HER2 overexpression (positivity) is associated with poorly differentiated, rapidly growing tumors. Clinically, HER2 status is used to predict therapeutic response to anti-HER2 monoclonal antibod
22
Q
GAD vs somatic symotom disorder
A
somatic symotm disorder only one complained GAD several
23
Q
if a patient has social anxiety + stressor aftwerwards what will happen
A
exacceberate symotoms
24
Q
social anxiety vs GAD
A
social=resrticted to social situations vs gad multiple worries
25
oxygen dissociation curve
methhegobblin
26
most accurate marker for heb infection
Because IgM anti-HBc is present in the "window period," it is an important tool for diagnosis when HBsAg has been cleared and anti-HBs is not yet detectable. Thus IgM anti-HBc is the most specific marker for diagnosis of acute hepati
27
profolol
include vasodilation, which can result in hypotension and an increase in serum triglycerides and lipase.
28
etomidate
However, it inhibits cortisol synthesis, which can lead to (reversible) adrenocortical suppression.
29
ketamine
preseves respiratory drive\
bronchodilation
ketamine stimulates catecholamines release, increase HR/BP/ICp
30
how is ubq proteasome pathway involved in virus
The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) is essential to this process because of its role in breaking down native and foreign intracellular proteins. Ubiquitin ligase initiates the UPP by recognizing specific protein substrates and catalyzing the attachment of ubiquitin. The proteins tagged with ubiquitin are then broken down by a proteasome to peptide fragments which can be recycled into amino acids.
The peptide fragments produced during this process can also be coupled to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum and then presented on the cell surface.
31
arcoroda
r skin tags, are benign and often pedunculated outgrowths of normal skin. They often develop in locations that experience frequent friction, such as beneath breast tissue or the axillae.
32
stroke volume
stroke volume and LV systolic pressure
33
what is differential media
Differential media help identify cultured organisms based on their metabolic and biochemical properties
34
enrichment media
Enrichment media contain special growth factors required for some organisms. Examples include the X and V factors required by Haemophilus or the anaerobic conditions needed by Clostridium species.
35
alzehmiers early and late findings
early disease alzehmiers has=senile plaques
| late disease -aneurysm formation
36
vasuliar dementia bipsy
glial scar
37
causes of congenital hypothyrodism /hyperthyrodism(graves)
Genetic defect in thyroid hormone production
Maternal antithyroid medication (eg, propylthiouracil)
Excessive or deficient maternal iodin
38
talk about the urea cycle
2 segments involved
ascending loop
collecting duct
passively secreted into the tubular lumen goes to the collecting duct and reabsobed
39
What is mood reactivity
mdd with atypical features what is used maoi
40
pericardial effusion due to malignancy
hemorrhagic atypical cells
41
why efficacy warfarin increases steadily
warfarin fucks up new carboxylation of factors, whereas it takes time for the existing factors to get used up
42
schistoma
However, adult worms shed eggs into the circulation that travel through host tissues and induce eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis (as seen in the image above).
43
metastatic liver disease
Multiple hypodense masses on CT
• Often outgrow vasculature > central necrosis
Hepatic adenoma
• Benign epithelial tumor usually in right lobe
• Associated with contraceptive and anabolic steroids
• Prone to rupture Hepatic angiosarcoma
• Vinyl chloride, arsenic, thorotrast Hepatoblastoma
• Associated with FAP and Beckwith Wiedmann
• Children HCC
• Usually unifocal but can be multiple Cholangiocarcinoma
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis, fibropolycystic liver dz
44
hepatoblastoma associated
beckwith widdleman, children and FAP
45
2 ways in which chronic alcohol can fuck up nutrition
pancreatitis and intestinal injury
46
intimial tear and medial degeneration is a common complication of
Aortic dissection
47
charcot marie tooth disease
harcot-Marie-Tooth disease is due to mutation of the genes responsible for myelin synthesis.
48
dermatomyositis vs polymyositis histopath
Endomysial inflammatory infiltration is found on muscle biopsy in polymyositis. Dermatomyositis is associated with perifascicular inflammation.
49
ebv the way it acts when latent
Promote periodic viral reactivation from memory B-cells, leading to recurrent (asymptomatic) mucosal infections.
encodes antiapoptotic proteins=maignant transformation
50
JArxier herihimer reaction
6-48 hr after initiating treatment for syphilis (most commonly primary or secondary)
May also be seen with treatment of other spirochetes (eg, Lyme disease, leptospirosis) or atypical (eg, Bartonella) organisms
Massive destruction of organisms → lipoproteins released into the circulation → transient inflammatory response
51
CLL how it looks like
mature B Cells
52
prolactin is similar to what
prolactin=similar to growth hormone
53
what is the cause of acute morbitidy in rheumatic feever
pancarditis
54
what are syphillitic gummas associated with
pain and fever
55
growth hormone arthirits
yperplasia of articular chondrocytes and synovial hypertrophy, which may appear on x-ray as widening of the joint space. As acromegalic arthropathy continues, there is degeneration of articular cartilage and periarticular bone resembling osteoarthritis.
56
what does thyroid hormone do to the bone
Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity, bone resorption, and release of calcium into circulation.
57
uti due to std is frequently asociated with what
vaginal discharge
58
pencillamine due to wilsons diseae
membranous nephropathy
59
where is transcription factor 2 gene present
Transcription factor II D binds to the TATA promoter sequence located ~25 bases upstream from the coding region of the gene.
60
Branching, "chicken-wire" vasculature seen in
angiomyolupoma where it arrises from
what does renal oncytoma have
RCC however chicken wire looping oligondendroglioma
perivascular epithelioid cells
associated with TSC
central stellate scars
61
vegf induced proliferation
However, if VEGF-induced tissue proliferation continues unchecked, the resulting hypergranulation tissue prevents wound epithelialization and remodeling. T
62
esonophilic dermal deposits is what
Cutaneous amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of insoluble fibers derived from precursor proteins (eg, immunoglobulin light chains) into the superficial dermis. It can have a varied gross appearance (eg, macular, nodular, lichenous) but would be characterized histologically by homogenous, eosinophilic dermal deposits.
63
why are neutrophils essential for iwound healing, what happens in excessive of neutrophils
Neutrophils are essential to the normal inflammatory response in wound healing; they prevent infection and release cytokines and growth factors that allow wound healing to progress. However, protracted inflammation and excessive release of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils in a wound can cause tissue damage that delays wound healing, resulting in a chronic, nonhealing wound.
64
arachnoid trabeulae
Arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater.
65
why do we have continous murmur at the back in coarctation of aorta
Flow through collateral blood vessels accounts for the continuous murmur auscultated over the back in this patient. Left ventricular hypertrophy also can develop due to the aortic obstruction, resulting in an S4 gallop (as seen in this case).
left paravertebral area
66
what murmur u hea on 2nd right ic space in asd
ejection murmur due to increased flow
67
where do hear PDA
Patent ductus arteriosus causes a continuous murmur best heard over the left infraclavicular area
68
what is bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory tract infection that typically affects children age <2 years, usually during the fall and winter. The most common cause is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
69
different colour variations of melanoma signify what
Red areas are due to vessel ectasia (dilation) and local inflammation
Brown or black, flared areas along the border are due to advancing, neoplastic melanocytes (Choice C).
White and gray areas appear when cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize tumor antigens (eg, melan-A) and induce apoptosis, leading to malignant melanocyte regression
70
where do lymphangiomas occur
Lymphangiomas tend to occur subepidermally, in the head, neck, and axilla. They consist of networks of endothelium-lined lymph spaces. Because they do not contain pigmented cells or red blood cells, lymphangiomas would be unlikely to have a bluish appearance.
71
tinea pedis vs scabies
between the toes (interdigital pattern) but in chronic cases can cause a hyperkeratotic rash extending up the sides of the feet (moccasin pattern).
Permethrin is used for scabies, which can affect the interdigital skin but presents with small papules, pustules, and burrows. Microscopy of skin scrapings shows mites or ova and fecal matter.
72
zika virus
nfect and destroy fetal neural progenitor cells, causing congenital Zika syndrome and possible fetal demise.\\
microcephaly( facial abnormalities POOP
arthrogryosis( contractures)
loss of brain mass( cortical thinning and ventriculomegaly)
73
loss of vaginal lubrication
Although declining levels of estrogen in peri- and post-menopausal women may be associated with decreased sexual interest in some patients, this is typically accompanied by decreased vaginal lubrication, which this woman does not describe.
74
CD 4 cell deficit
However, these patients typically have failure to thrive, persistent mucosal candidiasis, and severe infections with opportunistic organisms (eg, Pneumocystis) at a much younger age (~6 months).
75
pahthophys of eczeatous dermatitis
Acute eczematous dermatitis is characterized histologically by spongiosis, an accumulation of edema fluid in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis. The intercellular bridges become more distinctive in an edematous background, and the epidermis is often described as "spongy." Eventually, the edema can become so marked as to form intraepidermal vesicles. A perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils may also be seen; this may involve only the superficial dermis (if due to exposure to a surface antigen) or extend to include the deeper vessels (if due to a systemic antigen exposure [eg, drugs]).
76
what is dyskeratosis
Dyskeratosis is abnormal, premature keratinization of individual keratinocytes below the stratum granulosum. Dyskeratosis can be due to genetic mutations (dyskeratosis congenita) or may be found in diseases such as squamous cell carcinoma
77
hypergranulosis
lichen planus
78
antibiotics have two methods of action
concentration dependant and time dependant
79
conc dependat ab killin=
Concentration-dependent killing: Antibiotics with this pattern of activity (eg, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones) have a persistent, suppressive effect on bacterial growth following a limited exposure, resulting in increased killing ability when drug levels at the site of infection are maximized. The higher the peak drug level compared to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the greater the antimicrobial activity. As such, higher-dose, extended-interval (ie, once-daily) regimens are frequently used to optimize bacterial killing.
80
time dependant killing
Time-dependent killing: Antibiotics with this activity pattern (eg, beta-lactams [penicillins, cephalosporins], clindamycin) have minimal persistent effects and are dependent on long exposure durations for their antimicrobial activity. They are more effective when serum concentrations exceed the MIC for a prolonged period. Therefore, more frequent, multiple-daily dosing regimens are used to maintain plasma concentrations greater than the MIC for as long as possible.
81
candida
can infect proximal bowel degment if there is perforation
82
new onset of gerf should suspect
errosive esophagitis
83
candida antigen test
Candida antigen test: tests for T cell response
84
localised candida vs systemic candida
Local defense against Candida is performed by T cells, whereas systemic infection is prevented by neutrophils. For this reason, localized candidiasis is common in patients who have HIV, but neutropenic individuals are more likely to have the systemic form of the disease.
85
opthalmoscopy could be used for which fungi
| serologic testing is used for
candida endophtalmitis= decreased visual acquity
| ASPergilosus
86
cutaneus candida
erythema, vesiculopapular rash, maceration and fissuring
87
staph aureus caused osteomyeleitis
adherence to collagen
88
iv drug user osteomyletirs
pseudomans
89
typhoid fever different stages of
Salmonella Typhi
• Transmitted by fecaL oral route
• Phagocytosed by M cells and survives within macrophages Week 1
• Rising fever, bacteremia, bradycardia Week 2
• Abdominal pain, rose spots on trunk and abdomen Week 3
• Hepatosplenomegaly, intestinal bleeding and perforation
• Chronic carriers, especially those with cholelithiasis or other biliary tract abnormalities
90
second cause of hematogenous osteomyelitis
what causes vertebral steomeyelitis after uti
Metaphysis in kids
• Epiphysis in adults Child: S aureus then GAS
enterococcus
91
pathophys of osteomyelitis
Bone pains develops as abscess expands in bone > bone necrosis > periosteal disruption
92
medicaion to cause aspergillosis c9lonises
•Aspergillus fumigatus: contaminated glucocorticoid preparation
previous TB, Emphysema or Sarcoidosi
93
Fx of nadph
maintin glutahion 6 p dh
94
thyroid hormone resistance
thyroid hormone reistance?
-thyroid hormone beta mutation therefore decrease thyroid hormone sennstivity in pitutary
whereas thyroid hormone alpha mutation has normal senstivity therefore presents with ADHD and tachycarida alpha receptroo are in cns and heart
95
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4 and the leukotriene precursor 5-HETE stimulate neutrophil migration to the site of inflammation (but not leukotriene C4).
96
Moa of rota virus
Rotavirus invades the villous epithelium of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. Infection causes diarrhea via multiple mechanisms including villous blunting (loss of absorptive capacity), proliferation of secretory crypt cells (secretory diarrhea), and reduced brush border enzymes (accumulation of unmetabolized disaccharides in the small intestine lumen
97
why mannitol increases sodium excretion
it is due to solvent drag
98
what plays an important role in gonoccoal antibiotic resistance
Plasmid conjugation plays an important role in gonococcal antibiotic resistance.
99
dysplasia in infants
Dysplasia is the proliferation of abnormal cells, which can lead to the abnormal formation of an organ, such as the acetabulum in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Restrictive, extrinsic forces can also contribute to DDH, but examination would reveal a hip clunk on examination due to femoral head dislocation.
100
single defect abnormality =group of symotoms
sequence
101
in myelodysplastic syndrome how do neutrophils look
Neutrophils are typically hypolobulated and hypogranular.
102
how would metastatis to the bone look on histology and pbs
Metastatic adenocarcinoma (atypical gland-forming cells) can infiltrate the bone marrow, leading to pancytopenia. Although reticulocytes would be diminished, peripheral blood smear would not show signs of abnormal granulocyte development (eg, hyposegmentation).
103
erb b1 vs erb b2
erb b1 sq and erbb2 breast and ovarian
104
epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa
path=utation in keratin genes
friction induced blisters
lesions heal with resuidual scarring=chronic thikening of feet
105
transposition of great vessels presents as what on chest xray
Echocardiography
Chest x-ray: narrow mediastinum ± cardiomegaly ("egg on a string")
Hyperoxia test: little to no change in blood oxygenation
106
what sort of antigen causes meningtits of ecoli
K1 prevents phagocystosis/complement mediated action
107
what is pirfernidone
Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that inhibits TGF-B
108
how does arterial embolism manifest as
mi or stroke
109
dermatomyosistis can it involove esophagus,myocarditis
yes anything that is skeletal muscle
110
dermatomyosistis can it involove esophagus,myocarditis
yes anything that is skeletal muscle
111
restless leg syndrome
cns iron deficinecy and dopaminergic pathway problem
112
prolonged hypoglycemia increases what
cortiol and growth hormone to stimulate increase in gluconeogenic enzymes
113
how to differentiate betwee acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency
acute =severe refractory shock , and hypoglycemia
114
dunction of acth
hyperpigmentationa nd androgenization
115
why ain adrenal crisis u will use vasopressors such as adh
refractory to shock
116
function of adiponectin
Adiponectin=increases adipocytes and stimulates fatty acid oxidatrion
117
a patient has galactorrhea due to BH4 deficiency why
decreased dopamine synthesi
118
how rto differentiate adenomyosis from fibroid
adenomyosis uniform fibroid not uniform
119
why right ovarian torsion more common
Right-sided torsion is more common because of the greater length of the right uteroovarian ligament and because the rectosigmoid colon takes up space around the left ovary acute appendicitis has fever and leukocytosis, fever in ovarian torsion if necrotic rebound tenderness if ovary necrotic tubuovarian abscess=leukocytosis
120
uterus rupture
fetal parts palabale and sever pain
121
misoprostol vs mifeprostone
pfe1 antagonist and progestrogne antagonist and lucorticod antagonist
122
cardiovasuclar changes in oregnancy
pregnancy-decreased svr increased release of peripheral vasodilators /decreased vascular sensitivity to vasoconstrictors (eg, norepinephrine,
high-flow, low-resistance circuit within the uterus and placenta also contributes to decreased SVR.( parallel circuitDecreased SVR induces +RAAS
normal central venous pressure due to vasodilation of pulmonary vessels /decreased blood oncotic pressure;=edema
123
why low dose aspirin prevents preclampsia
aspirin prevents preclampsia by inhibiting cytokine release due to inflammation
124
cystic differnetial
Dull pain/menstrual cycle abnormalities
-estrogen production
Multiple gestation,moles,clomiphen
Pregnancy-hemorrhagic and rupture
Neoplasm older woman
125
pathogenesis of gynecomastia
increased estrogen to androgen ratio
| =ductal hyperplasia
126
why kallmann syndrome cause less pubic hair
due to adrenarche
127
how doe sunilateral orchiectomy affect other testis
Loss of semineforous tubules low inhibin high fsh increased spermatogenesis in other testis, however low sperm count
128
physiological erectile dysfucntion
Physiologic causes of ED =aging, maintain an erection, longer refractory period/ less forceful ejaculations
129
why secretin test used for gastrinoma how is aicidtiy increase in helicobacter pylori
why infusing secretin stimulate gastrinomas?
- secretin paradoxically stimulates gastrin release from gastrinomas due to abnormal adenylate cyclase activation.
130
why doe we have strictures in crihns
thinckening of muscularis mucosa
131
how do fibrates work
basically they inhibit 7 apha hydroxlase, this enzyme is involved in synthesis of bile acids.
therefore this buile acid production results in decrease soliability of bile
132
hereditary pancreatitis
Pancreas enzymes=secreted in - form these + by trypsin(cleaved from duodenal enterokinase)
SPINK1=trypsin inhibitor
trypsin=self inhibor cleaving active trypsin molecules at a second site, rendering them inactive.
Hereditary pancreatitis =a small amount of trypsinogen normally activates prematurely within the pancreatic acini and ducts
133
leptin and ghrelin
leptin inhibts oxreogenic +anorexogenic via POMC.NPY reduced
-it is directly proptional to adipocyte stores so will be low in anorexic individuals
134
why eating stimulates pancreatiits
cck stimulation
135
how pancreatitis cause hypernatremia
large volume loss and decreased renal perfusion
136
patient has night blindness and cirhosis what can she have
primary biliary cholangitis
137
where does glans penis drain into
it drains into deep inguinal node
138
what is acrodermatitis enteropathica
zinc not absorbed in jejenum
139
symtooms of retroperitoneal fibrosis
fibrosis of proximal ureter, can result in mesenteric ischemia(anorexia and nausea),pedeal edema as a result of ivc compressio
140
paraesophegal vs esophegal hrnia
-esophegal=laxity of pleural phrenoesophegal membrane, however paraesophegal defect in phrenoesophegal membrane
141
ascites is always associated with what
irrhosis-splachnic vasodilation =increased portal venous flow-> this overwhelms lymph capacity
Transudate fluid move across the liver, mesentry and intestine into peritoneal cavity.Always associated with sinusoidal htn because that’s where lymphatic are located
142
diaeufolys lesion
Abnormal submucosal vessel,causes hematemesis and epigastric pain
Location-proximal stomach Abnormal submucosal vessel,causes hematemesis and epigastric pain
Location-proximal stomach
143
diaeufolys lesion
Abnormal submucosal vessel,causes hematemesis and epigastric pain
Location-proximal stomach Abnormal submucosal vessel,causes hematemesis and epigastric pain
Location-proximal stomach
144
persitent pulmonary hypertension of newborn
Abnormal persistence of elevated fetal pulmonary vascular resistance
Right-to-left shunting across ductus arteriosus
Risk factors
Lung hypoplasia (eg, congenital diaphragmatic hernia)
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Infection (eg, neonatal pneumonia)
145
acute epidydimitis
Age <35: sexually transmitted (chlamydia, gonorrhea)Age >35: bladder outlet obstruction (coliform bacteria)
Unilateral testicular painEpididymal edemaDysuria, frequency (with coliform infection)
NAAT for chlamydia and gonorrheaUrinalysis/culture
146
which viral proteins are glycosylated of hiv
The only glycosylated HIV polyprotein is gp160, the product of the env gene. gp160 is extensively glycosylated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. It is then cleaved into the envelope proteins gp120, which mediates viral attachment, and gp41, which mediates viral fusion with the host cell. Glycosylation of these proteins is crucial for:
Immune evasion – Glycosylation acts as a shield for the conserved regions of these surface proteins, masking them from immune recognition.
Host cell binding
Proper protein folding
147
contact dermatitis pathophys
In the sensitization phase, cutaneous Langerhans cells take up haptens (ie, allergens) and present them to naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the regional lymph nodes, resulting in clonal expansion of hapten-sensitive T cells. This phase takes 10-14 days and does not result in cutaneous lesions.
On reexposure to the hapten, cutaneous antigen-presenting cells present the hapten to sensitized T cells recruited to the skin. When activated, these T cells mediate tissue damage that manifests as pruritic erythema, vesicles, and/or bullae. This elicitation phase occurs 2-3 days following reexposure to the hapten
148
what causes granulomatous kaeratouveitis
Herpes zoster reactivation can cause granulomatous keratouveitis (ie, anterior chamber inflammation). However, herpes zoster typically reactivates in a single ganglion, leading to unilateral symptoms.
149
how can Hemoraghic telengectasia induce pulmonay hypertension
HHT can induce pulmonary hypertension (progressive dyspnea, loud P2 [pulmonic component of S2]) in some patients. This is usually due to extensive systemic AVMs (eg, hepatic) provoking chronic, high-output heart failure (widened pulse pressure, tachycardia) that elevates mean pulmonary arterial pressure.
150
what is food protein induced allergic protolitis
Non–IgE-mediated reaction
Eosinophilic inflammation of rectosigmoid colon
Common triggers: cow's milk & soy protein
151
histopath of food induced allergic protcolitis
inflammation (ie, erythema, edema) confined to the distal colon and rectum. Histopathology findings include infiltration of eosinophils and/or eosinophilic abscesses within the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa.
152
platelet activating factor
Platelet-activating factor is released by endothelium, platelets, and immune cells, and is involved in leukocyte function (eg, endothelium attachment, phagocytosis, degranulation), platelet stimulation, and changes to vascular tone and permeability.
153
lipid accumulation in muscle fibres is
Lipid accumulation within muscle fibers is seen in lipid myopathies such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency.
154
what is osteopetrosis histopath
primary spongiosa in medullary cavity
155
bone histopathy in hyperpth
one resorption in cortical bone with subperiosteal thinning and cystic degeneration (osteitis fibrosa cystica).
