uworld incorrects Flashcards
course of ansa cervicalis
It courses deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and loops around the internal jugular vein. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles.
where does the phrenic nerve pass thorugh
between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura.
explain the principle of radioimmunoassay
competitive antbodies to antigens
posterior femor dislocation
what is
leg with a posterior hip dislocation appears shortened and internally rotated, with the hip held in flexion and adducti
what is atmoxietene
Atomoxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
what causes ankylosis in RA
Ossification of the pannus can lead to fusion of the bones across the affected joint (bony ankylosis).
buprior MOA
Bupropion is an antidepressant that does not cause sexual dysfunction. It is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
what is myositis ossificans
a benign condition that develops after contusion to large muscle groups (eg, quadriceps femoris), not small muscles such as the lumbricals. Patients typically report pain in the affected muscle and a palpab
which factor mimics factor 8
Emicizumab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody, mimics the normal physiologic function of factor VIII and can be used to prevent or treat bleeding in patients who have factor VIII inhibitors. This antibody has 2 binding sites; one site binds to factor IXa and the other binds to factor X, which brings them into close proximity and allows factor IXa to cleave factor X into its active form (Xa).
what happens if aromatase not present in female
no breast amenorrhea
how to diagnosie an anxiety disorder
rule out medical condiotons, if patient has no psychaitry history or prominent physical exam finding it is likely due to a medial disorder
causes of pancytopenia
Aplastic anemia
Infection (eg, parvovirus, HIV, viral hepatitis)
Nutritional deficiency (eg, vitamin B12/folate)
Medications (eg, hydroxyurea)
amyloid angiopathy ocurs on which areas of the brain generally
parietoocciptal lobe
nalaxone has what half life
short
acetiminophn toxicity
cetaminophen poisoning typically causes nausea, vomiting, and malaise in the first 24 hours after ingestion. Liver failure occurs later, and patients typically have jaundice, tachypnea, and confusion (ie, hepatic encephalopathy) that may progress to coma.
why pericardial effusionc asues decrease v clear lung firleds
Clear lung fields are typically seen because the increase in pericardial pressure (due to pericardial fluid accumulation) affects the lower pressure, right-sided heart chambers more than the left-sided heart chambers. When right-sided obstruction to blood flow is greater than left-sided obstruction, pulmonary edema is unlikely to develop.
what happens to circulation on elevated body temp
Appropriate responses to elevated temperature include decreased vasodilation (ie, vasoconstriction) of the splanchnic vasculature, which promotes blood flow from the internal organs to the skin, and peripheral vasodilation, which allows for heat dissipation.
how does dendritic cell become active
When activated, dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen where they display antigen with MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules to activate T-cells and B-cells.
when does MS occur in rheumatic fever
in middle aged ppl fish mouth deformity
excercise associated collapse
EAC
endurance athletes
higher CO
strenous excercise significant pressure in venous system/ if excercise stops blood stop moving forward inability to meet caridac demands=collapse
worst type of breast cancer tumor
HER2 overexpression (positivity) is associated with poorly differentiated, rapidly growing tumors. Clinically, HER2 status is used to predict therapeutic response to anti-HER2 monoclonal antibod
GAD vs somatic symotom disorder
somatic symotm disorder only one complained GAD several
if a patient has social anxiety + stressor aftwerwards what will happen
exacceberate symotoms
social anxiety vs GAD
social=resrticted to social situations vs gad multiple worries
oxygen dissociation curve
methhegobblin
most accurate marker for heb infection
Because IgM anti-HBc is present in the “window period,” it is an important tool for diagnosis when HBsAg has been cleared and anti-HBs is not yet detectable. Thus IgM anti-HBc is the most specific marker for diagnosis of acute hepati
profolol
include vasodilation, which can result in hypotension and an increase in serum triglycerides and lipase.
etomidate
However, it inhibits cortisol synthesis, which can lead to (reversible) adrenocortical suppression.
ketamine
preseves respiratory drive\
bronchodilation
ketamine stimulates catecholamines release, increase HR/BP/ICp
how is ubq proteasome pathway involved in virus
The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) is essential to this process because of its role in breaking down native and foreign intracellular proteins. Ubiquitin ligase initiates the UPP by recognizing specific protein substrates and catalyzing the attachment of ubiquitin. The proteins tagged with ubiquitin are then broken down by a proteasome to peptide fragments which can be recycled into amino acids.
The peptide fragments produced during this process can also be coupled to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum and then presented on the cell surface.
arcoroda
r skin tags, are benign and often pedunculated outgrowths of normal skin. They often develop in locations that experience frequent friction, such as beneath breast tissue or the axillae.
stroke volume
stroke volume and LV systolic pressure
what is differential media
Differential media help identify cultured organisms based on their metabolic and biochemical properties
enrichment media
Enrichment media contain special growth factors required for some organisms. Examples include the X and V factors required by Haemophilus or the anaerobic conditions needed by Clostridium species.
alzehmiers early and late findings
early disease alzehmiers has=senile plaques
late disease -aneurysm formation
vasuliar dementia bipsy
glial scar
causes of congenital hypothyrodism /hyperthyrodism(graves)
Genetic defect in thyroid hormone production
Maternal antithyroid medication (eg, propylthiouracil)
Excessive or deficient maternal iodin
talk about the urea cycle
2 segments involved
ascending loop
collecting duct
passively secreted into the tubular lumen goes to the collecting duct and reabsobed
What is mood reactivity
mdd with atypical features what is used maoi
pericardial effusion due to malignancy
hemorrhagic atypical cells
why efficacy warfarin increases steadily
warfarin fucks up new carboxylation of factors, whereas it takes time for the existing factors to get used up
schistoma
However, adult worms shed eggs into the circulation that travel through host tissues and induce eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis (as seen in the image above).
metastatic liver disease
Multiple hypodense masses on CT
• Often outgrow vasculature > central necrosis
Hepatic adenoma
• Benign epithelial tumor usually in right lobe
• Associated with contraceptive and anabolic steroids
• Prone to rupture Hepatic angiosarcoma
• Vinyl chloride, arsenic, thorotrast Hepatoblastoma
• Associated with FAP and Beckwith Wiedmann
• Children HCC
• Usually unifocal but can be multiple Cholangiocarcinoma
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis, fibropolycystic liver dz
hepatoblastoma associated
beckwith widdleman, children and FAP
2 ways in which chronic alcohol can fuck up nutrition
pancreatitis and intestinal injury
intimial tear and medial degeneration is a common complication of
Aortic dissection
charcot marie tooth disease
harcot-Marie-Tooth disease is due to mutation of the genes responsible for myelin synthesis.
dermatomyositis vs polymyositis histopath
Endomysial inflammatory infiltration is found on muscle biopsy in polymyositis. Dermatomyositis is associated with perifascicular inflammation.
ebv the way it acts when latent
Promote periodic viral reactivation from memory B-cells, leading to recurrent (asymptomatic) mucosal infections.
encodes antiapoptotic proteins=maignant transformation
JArxier herihimer reaction
6-48 hr after initiating treatment for syphilis (most commonly primary or secondary)
May also be seen with treatment of other spirochetes (eg, Lyme disease, leptospirosis) or atypical (eg, Bartonella) organisms
Massive destruction of organisms → lipoproteins released into the circulation → transient inflammatory response
CLL how it looks like
mature B Cells
prolactin is similar to what
prolactin=similar to growth hormone
what is the cause of acute morbitidy in rheumatic feever
pancarditis
what are syphillitic gummas associated with
pain and fever
growth hormone arthirits
yperplasia of articular chondrocytes and synovial hypertrophy, which may appear on x-ray as widening of the joint space. As acromegalic arthropathy continues, there is degeneration of articular cartilage and periarticular bone resembling osteoarthritis.
what does thyroid hormone do to the bone
Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity, bone resorption, and release of calcium into circulation.
uti due to std is frequently asociated with what
vaginal discharge
pencillamine due to wilsons diseae
membranous nephropathy
where is transcription factor 2 gene present
Transcription factor II D binds to the TATA promoter sequence located ~25 bases upstream from the coding region of the gene.
Branching, “chicken-wire” vasculature seen in
angiomyolupoma where it arrises from
what does renal oncytoma have
RCC however chicken wire looping oligondendroglioma
perivascular epithelioid cells
associated with TSC
central stellate scars
vegf induced proliferation
However, if VEGF-induced tissue proliferation continues unchecked, the resulting hypergranulation tissue prevents wound epithelialization and remodeling. T
esonophilic dermal deposits is what
Cutaneous amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of insoluble fibers derived from precursor proteins (eg, immunoglobulin light chains) into the superficial dermis. It can have a varied gross appearance (eg, macular, nodular, lichenous) but would be characterized histologically by homogenous, eosinophilic dermal deposits.
