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WSET Level 4 - D3 > USA - Oregon > Flashcards

USA - Oregon Flashcards

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1
Q

How much area is under vine?

A

13,750 ha

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2
Q

How many AVAs are fully in Oregon and how many are shared with other states?

A
  • 15 AVAs fully in Oregon
  • 4 AVAs shared with other states
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3
Q

When were the first modern vineyards planted an how did it become famous?

A
  • 1961
  • Pinot Noir wines achieved high ranks in blind tastings
  • Hence, many Burgundian producers bought land there
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4
Q

What is different in types of business involved compared to California and Washington?

A

Dominated by smaller, family-owned businesses

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5
Q

What is the current trend in terms of wineries?

A
  • Strong growth
  • 5-fold increase in last 20 years
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6
Q

Where are vineyards located, what is the climate and what are climatic influences?

A
  • In the western part, close to the Pacific Ocean
  • At 42–46°N in latitude
  • Coast Range provides some protection from Pacific influences, however some influence of cold ocean currents and winds
  • Cool to moderate climate
  • Long daylight hours in summer and autumn
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7
Q

What is the soil?

A

Free-draining marine sedimentary, volcanic and loess soils

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8
Q

What is the rainfall and when does it occur?

A
  • High levels of annual rainfall
  • Mainly in winter, with little rainfall in the summer months
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9
Q

What climatic conditions have a major effect on vineyard management and what is the effect?

A
  • Windy and dry summers
  • Low disease pressure
  • Enable sustainable grape growing practices
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10
Q

How much of vineyards are certified as sustainable? How about biodynamic practices?

A
  • About 50%
  • About 50% of all Demeter vineyards in the US are in Oregon
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11
Q

What are the varieties grown? What is the most planted one (incl. %)?

A
  • Pinot Noir (57%)
  • Pinot Gris (decreasing)
  • Chardonnay (increasing)
  • Other: Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Riesling
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12
Q

What is important in Oregon regarding growing of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay?

A

Clonal selection

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13
Q

What clones are used for Pinot Noir? Why?

A
  • Wadenswil
  • Pommard
  • Dijon
  • -> clonal diversity to better choose clones suited to the specific climate and soil
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14
Q

What clones are used for Chardonnay?

A
  • Wente
  • Clone 108
  • Earlier-ripening Dijon was introduced, but due to recent warmer vintages sometimes ripens to early
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15
Q

How are Pinot Noir wines produced? (fermentation, oak)

A
  • Use of whole bunches has increased
  • Some use ambient yeasts and experiment with alternative fermentation and storage vessels, including amphorae
  • Majority is matured in oak, proportion of new oak is decreasing
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16
Q

Describe the typical style of Pinot Noir (aromas, acidity, tannin, alcohol, quality, price)

A
  • Red cherry and raspberry fruit to black cherry and plum
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Medium to medium(+) tannins
  • High alcohol
  • Good to outstanding quality
  • Premium priced (some super-premium)
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17
Q

Name two significant producers of Pinot Noir

A
  • Bergström Wines
  • Evening Land
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18
Q

In what two styles are Pinot Gris wines produced? (pressing, fermentation, skin contact, oak, lees)

A
  • Fruity style: whole-bunch pressing and cool fermentation in stainless steel
  • Complex wine with texture: skin contact, old barrels and lees contact
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19
Q

Describe the typical style of Pinot Gris (sweetness, aromas, acidity, body, quality, price)

A
  • Dry and off-dry
  • Pear, peach and melon fruit, sometimes nutty or honeyed note
  • Medium to medium(+) acidity
  • Medium to full body
  • Good to very good quality
  • Mid-priced
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20
Q

How are Chardonnay wines produced? (pressing, fermentation, oak, malo, lees)

A
  • Often whole bunch pressing
  • Fermentation and maturation in oak (mostly old oak)
  • Malo + lees contact
  • Lees usually left without stirring to encourage low levels of reductive sulfur compounds to develop, giving smoky, struck match aromas
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21
Q

Describe the typical style of Chardonnay (aromas, acidity, body, quality, price)

A
  • Lemon and peach
  • Medium(+) acidity
  • Medium(+) body
  • Good to very good quality
  • Mid- to premium priced
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22
Q

What are the two major AVAs and how many sub-AVAs does each have and how much of plantings (%)?

A
  • Willamette Valley AVA
  • 7 sub-AVAs
  • 68% of vineyards
  • Southern Oregon AVA
  • 5 sub-AVAs
  • 25% of vineyards
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23
Q

What three AVAs are on the Oregon-Washington state border?

A
  • Columbia Gorge AVA
  • Columbia Valley AVA
  • Walla Walla Valley AVA (1 sub-AVA)
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24
Q

What AVA is on the Oregon-Idaho state border?

A

Snake River Valley AVA

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25
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
What is its size?

A
  • 9,900 ha
  • Oregon’s largest AVA
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26
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
Where is it located?

A
  • Western part of Oregon, close to the Pacific Ocean
  • Coast Range mountains to the west that provide protection
  • Still various parts affected by cold Pacific winds
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27
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
What is the climate and climatic influences?

A
  • One of the coolest and wettest areas in Oregon
  • Benefits from warm, dry summers with long hours of sunshine
  • High diurnal range during growing season
  • Air rises from the warm interior of central Oregon and causes cool coastal air to be pulled inland
  • A lack of humidity in the air over the dry growing season means that temperatures can rise and fall quickly
28
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
Is irrigation practiced due to the dry summers?

A
  • Mostly no irrigation
  • Only longest-established producers are allowed to use water from rivers
  • Typically, producers would need to build ponds on their property to collect water in winter months (costs for installation and maintenance)
  • Many dry farm if possible
29
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
What is the soil on valley floors and higher altitudes? What varieties is it best suited for?

A
  • Valley floors
  • fertile loam soils
  • Most suited to Pinot Gris
  • If Pinot Noir is grown, vigor must be managed
  • Higher altitudes
  • Mixture of marine sedimentary soils (e.g. sandstone), volcanic basalt and loess soils
  • Lower fertility
  • Smaller cordon-trained or replacement-cane pruned vines with VSP trellising are more common
30
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
What are the main grape varieties?

A
  • Pinot Noir (60-80%)
  • Pinot Gris
  • Chardonnay
31
Q

Willamette Valley AVA
Name the seven sub-AVAs

A
  • Dundee Hills AVA
  • Chehalem Mountains AVA
  • Ribbon Ridge AVA
  • Yamhill-Carlton District AVA
  • Van Duzer Corridor AVA
  • Eola-Amity Hills AVA
  • McMinnville AVA
32
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Dundee Hills AVA
Where are the vineyards located and what are climatic influences?

A
  • At 60m to 325m
  • Higher altitudes than the rest of Willamette Valley
  • -> retain acidity
  • Buffered to the west by the Coast Range and to the north by Mountains
  • -> sheltered from cold wet conditions
  • -> warmer temperature than other AVAs
  • -> full fruit ripeness
33
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Dundee Hills AVA
What is the soil and what are the effects on grape growing?

A
  • Highest proportion of red iron-rich clay formed from volcanic basalt
  • -> retains water during dry summers
  • -> avoids shutting down of vines
  • -> enables full ripening of grapes
34
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Chehalem Mountains AVA
How large are plantings compared to other sub-AVAs?

A

Most plantings of any sub-AVA

35
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Chehalem Mountains AVA
Where are vineyards planted?

A
  • At 60 to 305m
  • Ridge serves as windbreak
36
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Chehalem Mountains AVA
Comment on altitude, aspects, and soil types

A
  • The range in altitude, aspects and soil types
  • Soils: loess, volcanic basalt and sedimentary
  • -> diversity of vineyard sites and resulting wines
37
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Ribbon Ridge AVA
Where are vineyards located and what are climatic influences?

A
  • At low altitude
  • -> protected from the wind by surrounding ranges
  • -> warm and dry growing area
38
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Ribbon Ridge AVA
Describe the soil characteristics and influence on grape growing

A
  • Sedimentary soil
  • Relatively deep but low in nutrients
  • -> controls vine vigor
  • Moderate water-holding capacity
  • -> needed as irrigation is not readily available
  • -> concentrated ripe grapes
39
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Yamhill-Carlton AVA
What is the most planted variety?

A

Pinot Noir

40
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Yamhill-Carlton AVA
Where is it located?

A
  • North west of the Willamette Valley
  • In the foothills of the Coast Range
41
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Yamhill-Carlton AVA
Comment on rain, altitude, aspect, and soil and their influence on the final wine

A
  • Rain shadow from coast range
  • At 60-300m
  • South-facing slopes
  • Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
  • -> riper fruit flavors, fuller body and lower acidity compared to other sub-AVAs
42
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Van Duzer Corridor AVA
Where is it located and what are climatic influences?

A
  • South west of Willamette Valley
  • Break in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon
  • -> cooling influence
43
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Van Duzer Corridor AVA
Describe the positive and negative effects of the cooling Pacific winds that are funneled through the break in the Coast Range

A
  • Negative
  • Can disrupt flowering and fruit set -> lower yields
  • Can cause the vine leaf stomata to shut and slow ripening
  • Positive
  • Slows the ripening process -> slow sugar accumulation while flavours and aromas develop and acidity it retained
  • Reduces disease pressure
44
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Van Duzer Corridor AVA
Describe the soils and their characteristics

A
  • Marine sediment loam and silt
  • Shallow and well-draining
45
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Eola-Amity Hills AVA
Where is it located and what does it mean for the climate?

A
  • East of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA
  • Influenced by the same cool ocean winds, leading to slower ripening
  • However, greater variation because of range of aspects and altitudes
46
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - Eola-Amity Hills AVA
Where are vineyards located and what is the soil?

A
  • At 75-250m altitude
  • Shallow rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil
47
Q

Willamette Valley AVA - McMinnville AVA
Where is it located and what does it mean for the climate?

A
  • Between Yamhill-Carlton AVA to the north and Van Duzer Corridor AVA to the south
  • Influenced by both areas
  • Some sites are protected by rain shadow
  • Areas to the south are more influenced by the cool winds from the Van Duzer Corridor
48
Q

Southern Oregon AVA
Name the two most important sub-AVAs

A
  • Umpqua Valley AVA (incl. 2 sub-AVAs)
  • Rogue Valley AVA (incl. 1 sub-AVA)
49
Q

Southern Oregon AVA
How many ha are planted to vine?

A

Roughly 3,300 ha

50
Q

Southern Oregon AVA
Where is it located, what is the climate and what are cooling influences?

A
  • More southerly latitude -> warmer than Willamette Valley
  • Cooling influences from
  • Mountains (altitude and cool air descending at night)
  • River valleys that channel cool breezes during the afternoon and evenings
  • -> High diurnal range
51
Q

Southern Oregon AVA
Comment on soils, rainfall, and irrigation

A
  • Soils: mixture of marine sedimentary soils, volcanic soils (high proportion of clay helping to retain water) and alluvial soils (more free-draining)
  • Majority of rainfall in winter -> dry growing season
  • Irrigation is essential -> warm climate and lower rainfall
52
Q

Southern Oregon AVA
What are the main varieties grown?

A
  • Better able to ripen black grape varieties than Willamette Valley
  • Pinot Noir (40%)
  • Pinot Gris (second most planted)
  • Syrah
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
53
Q

Southern Oregon AVA - Umpqua Valley AVA
Where is it located? What are climatic influences?

A
  • Northern part of Southern Oregon
  • Umpqua River and its tributaries flow through it -> cool afternoon breezes
  • Warmer than Willamette Valley, but relatively cool for Southern Oregon
54
Q

Southern Oregon AVA - Umpqua Valley AVA
Comment on altitude, aspect and soil of vineyards

A

Diverse range of vineyard sites with different altitudes (around 50-400m), aspects and soils

55
Q

Southern Oregon AVA - Umpqua Valley AVA
What varieties are grown in which part of the Umpqua Valley?

A
  • North
  • Pinot Noir
  • Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer and Riesling
  • Central and south
  • Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo
56
Q

Southern Oregon AVA - Rogue Valley AVA
Where is it located and what are climatic influences?

A
  • Closest to California -> warmest and driest conditions in Oregon
  • Cooling influences from altitude (250-950m) and cool afternoon and evening breezes from the Pacific
57
Q

Southern Oregon AVA - Rogue Valley AVA
Based on the climate? What varieties are grown here?

A
  • Merlot
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Syrah
  • Tempranillo
  • Pinot Noir
58
Q

Multistate AVAs - Walla Walla Valley AVA
Where is it located and what is the climate?

A
  • Far from the coast
  • Arid continental climate with hot dry summers
59
Q

Multistate AVAs - Walla Walla Valley AVA
What are the most planted varieties?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon (40%)
  • Merlot
  • Syrah
60
Q

Multistate AVAs - Columbia Gorge AVA
How is the climate in different parts of the AVA?

A
  • Western part: closest to the Pacific -> cooler, wetter climate
  • Eastern part: warmer and drier
61
Q

Multistate AVAs - Columbia Gorge AVA
What are cooling influences and what does it mean for grape growing?

A
  • Cooling influences from
  • altitude (up to 600m)
  • winds funneled by the gorge
  • -> wide range of growing conditions and varieties
62
Q

Multistate AVAs - Columbia Valley AVA
Where is it located and what does it comprise?

A
  • Majority is located in Washington State
  • Includes Columbia Gorge AVA and Walla Walla Valley AVA in Oregon
63
Q

Describe the rough labeling terms (origin, variety, estate)

A
  • 100% of grapes grown in Oregon and 95% of wine from stated appellation (if labeled as such)
  • Min 90% of variety if labeled as such (California only requires 75%)
  • If labeled ‘estate-bottled’: min 100% of grapes from the winery’s AVA and fully finished at the estate
64
Q

What businesses are typically involved and what is the current trend?

A
  • Mostly small family-owned wineries (75%)
  • Considerable growth in recent years
65
Q

How does it compare to other states in terms of production?

A
  • 4th with roughly 1.4% of US production
  • After California, Washington, and New York
66
Q

How much is exported and what are main export markets?

A
  • 2.5%
  • Canada, UK, Japan

WSET Level 4 - D3 (56 decks)

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